This review discusses recent progress in the development of anti-HIV agents, with emphasis on small molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors. The entry inhibitors primarily target HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins or the cellular receptors, CD4 and chemokine receptors. Two of the entry inhibitors, enfuvirtide and maraviroc, have been approved by the US FDA for AIDS therapy. The drug resistance associated with some of the entry inhibitors will also be discussed.

Objective To analyze the clinical conditions and emergency treatment experiences of acute and chronic renal failure with hyperpotassemia. Methods Retrospective analyzed 542 clinical cases of supervening hyperpotassemia, which were treated by hemodialysis on 186 patients of renal failure with hyperpotassemia for 5 years. Results 540 cases clinical symptom was improved, serum potassium concentration was down to normal range and hyperpotassemia disappeared in electro cardiogram. 2 cases died after salvage. Rate of success was 99.6%. Conclusion Hemodialysis therapy is the most effective treatment to hyperpotassemia. Use bicarbonate with kalium pH indicator of 3.0～3.5mmol/L in dialysis is useful to lower hyperpotassemia, and safe also. In the early stage of hemodialysis, pure ultrafiltration dehydration treatment is not suitable. There is still danger of heartbeat stop deal to high kalium in the early stage of dialysis; emergency treatments should be standby all the time.

Objective To get genetic information of VP 1 coding region of HEV 71 in Beijing in 2008.Methods Enteroviruses were isolated from samples of throat swabs collected from 33 HFMD patients within 3 days after onset by rhabdomyosarcoma(RD) cells and identified by RT-PCR method with specific primers to human enteroviruses,then VP 1 coding region was amplified and sequenced by Sanger dideoxy.Bioedit 7.0.5 and MEGA3.1 were used for the nucleotide sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis.Results 16 virus strains were isolated from 33 samples,of which 14 strains were identified as HEV 71 and 2 were CVA 16,and 1 was co-infected with CVA 16 and HEV 71.Sequence analysis of VP 1 nucleotide sequences of 10 HEV 71 isolates showed that homologous analysis of nucleotide identity amino acid 95.5%～100% and 98.9%～100% respectively;representative strains of Fuyang in 2008,nucleotide identity was 95.4%～99.1%;with representative strain of C 4 nucleotide identity was over 92%.Phylogenetic analysis of HEV 71 strains for the nucleotide sequence of VP 1 coding region clarified that the HEV 71 isolates in Beijing belonged to C 4a cluster of C 4 sub-genotype and 10 strains formed four relatively separated clusters.Conclusions The HEV 71 viruses isolated from children of HFMD in Beijing belonged to C 4 sub-genotype,and C4a cluster which was the predominant in China since 2004.According to phylogenetic analysis,HEV 71 which belonged to more than 4 different clusters were circulating in Beijing in 2008.More virological suggestion for disease control and prevention,and information of HEV 71 molecular epidemiology need to be collected urgently due to the successive large epidemic of HEV 71 in China.

Objective To explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and frailty among community aged people. Methods A total of 1571 aged people in two communities in Zhengzhou, Henan, China were recruited by convenience sampling method. They were divided into normal group, overweight group and obesity group according to BMI, and were assessed with Fried Frailty Criteria. Results The rates of overweight and obesity were 38.6%and 10.9%, respectively. There was significant difference in the level of frailty among dif-ferent groups (χ2=86.659, P<0.001). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that overweight and obesity were independent risk fac-tors of pre-frailty (P<0.05), and obesity was the independent risk factor of frailty (P<0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in community aged people in Zhengzhou, and normal BMI was important to postpone the process of frailty.

Objective To study the features of hippocampal atrophy (HA) by MRI in mild Alzheimer's disease(AD) patients. Methods Fifteen mild AD patients and 30 healthy controls were included in this study and all subjects were examined by both MRI and MMSE. The differences in the hippocampal volume between the mild AD and the control were analysed, and relationships between the hippocampal volume and age, MMSE scores were evaluated. Results The hippocampal volume of the mild AD was decreased significantly than that of the controls 〔(2 08?0 46)cm 3 vs (3 11?0 19)cm 3, t =2 71, P 0 05). Conclusions MRI-based HA could be used to differentiate the mild AD patients effectively from the healthy subjects and could also be regarded as a status marker for the early clinical diagnosis of AD.

Objective To investigate the role of hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy in treatment of infertility.Methods 102 patients with infertility treated by hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy were retrospectively analyzed.Results Of 102 cases of infertility,there were 57 cases with Pelvic adhesions and tubal obstruction,24 cases with endometriosis,12 cases with polycystic ovary syndrome,4 cases with endometrial polyp,3 cases with hysteromyoma and 2 cases with uterus septum.The first three cases were chronic pelvic inflammatory with salpingemphraxis ( 55.88% ), endometriosis Ⅰ -Ⅱ (23.53% ) and polycystic ovary syndrome (11.76% ).The postoperative pregnancy rate was 41.18%, 3 patients with ectopic pregnancy (7.14%) and 4 spontaneous abortion (9.52%).Conclusion Laparoscopy with hysteroscopy played an important role in treatment of infertility.It was an effective method and worthy to be widely used.

To study the level of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in serum and the expression of MIF mRNA in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue,and to investigate its impact on insulin resistance and islet β-cell dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).120 pregnancy women from the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College and Taian Central Hospital were enrolled,including 60 GDM women and 60 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT).The serum MIF in GDM group was higher than that of NGT group [(3.58±1.02 vs 1.23±0.62) ng/ml,P<0.01].Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that body mass index was an independent affective factor of the serum levels of MIF (r2 =0.516).The serum levels of MIF and the expressions of MIF mRNA in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue were significantly higher in GDM group than NGT group.MIF may contribute to insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in GDM.Body mass index seems to be an independent factor in affecting the serum levels of MIF.

Objective To analyze the disease burden of Yi nationality.Methods Disability adjusted life years(DALY) was used as the measurement indicator of disease burden.Results The male had greater Years of Life Lost to Premature Death(YLL)per thousand populations,Years of Lived with Disability(YLD) and DALY than did the female almost in each age group.The burden of Neuropsychiatric conditions was the heaviest.The burden of Yi nationality was heavier than Han nationality in diseases during perinatal period and digestive diseases.However,the disease burden of malignant neoplasm of Han nationality was heavier than Yi nationality.Conclusion The prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions,diseases during perinatal period and digestive diseases should be enhanced in Yi nationality.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism responsible for homoharringtonine (HHT), which contributes to imatinib (IM) sensitivity in the chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell line. Methods:We established cell lines from a patient with CML at the time of first diagnosis and relapse phase, and designated the cell lines as NPHA1 and NPHA2, respectively. Stable underexpressed EphB4 cells (NPHA2-EphB4-sh) were obtained. Leukemia cell lines were incubated with HHT. The activated signal proteins in cells were tested by Western blot. Results:EphB4 was overexpressed in IM-resistant NPHA2 compared with the NPHA1 cell line. However, the expression of EphB4 mRNA and protein were significantly decreased in knockdown NPHA2-EphB4-sh cells compared with the NPHA2 and NPHA1 (P<0.001) cell lines. NPHA2-EphB4-sh cells were sensitive to IM (IC50:0.93 mg/L), and NPHA2 showed IM re-sistance (IC50 : 5.45 mg/L) (P<0.001). However, co-stimulation with HHT+IM decreased IC50 of NPHA2 cells to 1.17 mg/L (P<0.001). Meanwhile, phospho-Rac1/cdc42 was significantly increased in NPHA2 cells compared with NPHA2-EphB4-sh (P<0.001). HHT blocked the expression of EphB4/RhoA. Conclusion: The overexpression of EphB4 contributed to IM resistance in CML line cells. EphB4/RhoA may be a new marker of IM resistance. HHT with IM yielded more treatment advantages than IM alone by blocking EphB4/RhoA pathways.

Objective To observe the clinical effect of edaravone combine with clopidogrel on patients with acute cerebral infarction . Methods Eighty cases diagnosed with acute cerebral infarction from February 2014 to February 2015 were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 40 cases in each group.Control group received basic treatment of clopidogrel, observation group received edaravone on the basis of control group.The serum levels of superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) between two groups were compared post-treatment. Results The serum SOD levels in observation group on 7th and 14th day post-treatment [(89.37 ±6.07, 99.14 ±11.24)U/mL]were significantly higher than those in control group [(71.26 ±7.43,80.01 ±12.02)U/mL](P<0.05).The serum MDA levels in observation group on 7th and 14th day post-treatment [(5.23 ±0.81, 3.42 ±0.48)nmol/mL]were significantly higher than those in control group[(7.16 ±1.01,5.24 ±0.71) nmol/mL](P<0.05).Conclusion Edaravone combined with clopidogrel has the exact effect in treatment of patients with acute cerebral infarction.