Current trends in nanotechnology and RNA interference technology have made the application of nanocarriers (NCS) as a novel gene and drug delivery systems very promising for the field of multidrug resistance (MDR) cancer treatment. Co-delivery of gene and chemotherapy drugs with NCS has a good synergistic effect compared with the traditional chemotherapy which can increase the amount of the drug distribution in target organ in order to reduce the toxic side effects thereby enhancing efficacy. Therefore, the advent of co-delivery systems with NCS especially in the clinical treatment of MDR has had a significant impact on the cancer treatment.

Apoptosis and necrosis are two forms of liver diseases at cell level. Research on hepatocyte apoptosis will become the important topic for treatment of liver disease and understanding of regeneration after liver transplantation. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell apoptosis from effect and function of endoplasmic reticulum stress, influence of endoplasmic reticulum stress on cell apoptosis and association between hepatocyte apoptosis and related disease. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is a self-protection mechanism for cells, but too much endoplasmic reticulum stress will harm cells even cause apoptosis. It is still unclear about the relationship of the endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatocyte apoptosis, so we need further researches. The progress of studies about the relations between hepatocyte diseases and endoplasmic reticulum stress will improve treatments of liver diseases.

Objective To research the expression of glucose regulating protein 78(GRP78) in livers of carbon tetrachloride(CCl-4) induced hepatocirrhosis rats.Methods Healthy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group(n=5)and hepatocirrhosis group(n=5).Oily solution with 0.12ml per 100g rat weight was subcutaneous injected in control group,and 60% carbon tetrachloride oily solution with 0.3ml per 100g rat weight were subcutaneous injected in hepatocirrhosis group for 20 weeks.At the first day of 21 weeks,all rats were killed.Each blood was collected from right ventricle and some hepatic function was measured.The morphological structure in hepatic middle lobule were observed through the staining of H E and Sirius red.The expressions of GRP78 was detected by immnunohistochemistry,Western blotting and RT-PCR.Results The serum ALT in 20 weeks hepatocirrhosis group(278.2?88.42) was evidently higher than that in control group(154.8?9.94,t=3.10,P

Objective To observe the change of renal morphological structure and apoptosis of renal cells. Methods Healthy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group(n=5),2 weeks CCl_4 group(n=5) and 6 weeks CCl_4 group(n=5).The control group were injected oily solution with 0.12ml/100g rat weight,the CCl_4 group were subcutaneously injected 60% carbon tetrachloride oily solution with 0.3ml/100g rat weight.At the first day of 3 weeks and 7 weeks,2 weeks CCl_4 group and 6 weeks CCl_4 group rats were respectively killed.The morphological structure in renal central section was observed after HE staining.The expressions of Caspase-3 and Bax were detected by immunohistochemistry.The apoptosis of rat renal cells was detected by TUNEL staining. Results The structures of rat renal tubules and corpuscle was normal in the control group.We detected the histological change in proximal tubules in the 6 weeks CCl_4 group,tiny tomentums of epithelial cells fell off,cells was vacuolization.The structure of renal corpuscle was normal.The pathological changes of 2 weeks CCl_4 group were similar,but relative little and limited.There was no Caspase-3 and Bax positive cell in control group and 2 weeks CCl_4 group,but lots of Caspase-3 and Bax positive cells were in 6 weeks CCl_4 group,mainly fastened on epithelial cells of proximal tubules near the medulla,and brown granules were mostly located in the cytoplasm.There was no positive cell in control group by TUNEL staining.There were a lot of apoptosis epithelial cells of proximal tubules,renal glomerular also had a few of TUNEL positive cells in the 2 weeks CCl_4 group.Apoptosis cells mainly located in the epithelial cells of distal tubules in the 6 weeks CCl_4 group,a few of apoptosis epithelial cells were in proximal tubules.Conclusion In carbon tetrachloride induced renal injuried rats,apoptosis cells mainly happened in epithelial cells of proximal tubules in 2 weeks.The apoptosis of epithelial cells of distal tubules presented 6 weeks later.

Objective To compare the clinical results of operation and manual reduction and plaster immobilization in management of senile comminuted distal radial fractures.Methods Retrospective analysis of the clinical data was done for the 178 senile patients with comminuted distal radial fracture who were treated from January 2000 to September 2004 in our department.102 cases were treated with manual reduction and plaster immobilization,46 cases with external fixator and limited internal fixation,and 30 cases with T-plate internal fixation.Results Follow-up duration averaged 27 months(13 to 52 months).According to Dienst criteria,the excellent rate of functional outcome was 93.5%for external fixator combined with limited internal fixation,78.4%for manual reduction and plaster immobilization and 80.0%for T-plate internal fixation.The differences were statistically significant(P

[Objective]For revealing the definition of the concept of the Yin of liver and the Yang of liver ,and its historical evolution. [Method]The definition of the concept of the Yin of liver and the Yang of liver and the mainstream view of Yin and Yang of before the Song Dynasty, Song Dynasty and modern is investigated in this paper. The definition of the concept of the Yin of liver and the Yang of liver of different periods, different ideological background and different mainstream view of Yin and Yang is clarified by historical investigation. [Result]Because of the influence of Confucius studies, there is not the definition of the concept of the Yin of liver and the Yang of liver based on the object of liver in the TCM theory of Han and Tang dynasties. The Yin of liver and the Yang of liver mainly refer to the yin qi and yang qi in the liver. Because of the influence of neo-confucianism, the concept of the Yin of liver and the Yang of liver based on the object of liver was established in the TCM theory of Song and Ming dynasties. The Yin of liver and the Yang of liver mainly refer to the body and function of liver. Under the background of modernization of TCM, the concept of the Yin of liver and the Yang of liver based on the object of liver was established in the basic theories of TCM. However, there is a controversy of the concept of the Yin of liver and the Yang of liver, because of the effect of modern philosophy and science, ignoring the change of Chinese philosophy. [Conclusion]The clear concept of the Yin of liver and the Yang of liver of different periods, different ideological background and different mainstream views of Yin and Yang will reduce the influence of the fictional historical. Whether in ancient literature research, the liver like zang-fu theory of TCM theory, research, or the modern liver zang-fu theory of TCM, and establishing the theory of Chinese medicine has a positive meaning.

The Neutral detergent method (AACC method) for determining insoluble dietary fiber in cereals and cereal foods has been used in this experiment. The results showed that the suitable size of the sample was 40-mesh and the better period for digestion in hot neutral detergent solution was one hour for determination. Decahydronaphthalene as a defoaming agent was better than n-octane. The average recoveries of two different ways were from 94.1% to 100.4%. The coefficient of variation for eight wheat samples was 1.8%. Because of its simple equipment, easy operation and good accuracy, this method would be suitable for determination of cereals and cereal foods.

Objective To compare the clinical results of radial head resection with those of open reduction and internal fixation in treatment of Mason type- Ⅲ comminuted fracture of radial head. Methods 58 cases of Mason type- Ⅲ radial head fracture were treated in our department from January, 1983 to July, 2005. 28 cases had resection of the fractured redial head, while the other 30 cases had open reduction and internal fixation. The outcomes were assessed on the basis of pain, motion, strength, radiographic findings, and elbow functional rating score. Results The resection group had a mean follow- up of 5.5 years (2 to 6), while the internal fixation group had 10 years (3 to 13). The average pain VAS (visual analog scale) score was 18.7 (11 to 25) for the resection group and 23.5 (17 to 25) for the fixation group with a P value of 0.0023. The elbow extension averaged - 12.4? in the resection group and - 5.8? in the fixation group (P0.05) , but the decrease of elbow extension and forearm rotation differed statistically between the 2 groups (P

Objective To analyze the incidence of hospital-acquired infection and the distribution of pathogens through data from the hospital infection surveillance networks in Shandong. Methods A meta-analysis was made of the data submitted by the hospitals involved in the provincial surveillance networks from August 2001 to July 2004. Results The surveillance data involved 1 776 030 hospitalized patients, of whom 43 355 had a hospital-acquired infection, the incidence of hospital-acquired infection being 2.44‰. Respiratory-tract infections were most frequent, followed by gastroenteric-tract infections, urinary-tract infections and surgical-site infections. A total of 6 251 strains of pathogens were isolated, the most commonly identified pathogens being Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Conclusion It is imperative to reinforce the sterilization of air and medical instruments, strictly abide by aseptic manipulation, and promote the rational use of antimicrobials. Hospital infection surveillance ought to be conducted by the combined method of prevalence surveys and the targeted surveillance of key sectors.

Relative deficiency of serum insulin and insulin resistance of tissues are the main causes of postburn hypercatabolism.In order to evaluate the clinical effects of tolbutamide to improve postburn hypermetabolism,9 burn patients were given tolbutamide and observed for 10 days after the drug had gone through animal experiments.It was found that tolbutamide could improve postburn hyper-metabolism through following ways:1.To stimulate the secretion of insulin and enhance the effect of insulin.2.To reduce the insulin resistance of tissues and promote glucose utilization of skeletal muscles.3.To inhibit the secretion of glucagon.