MicroRNA (miRNA) are a class of endogenous single -stranded non-coding RNA, which regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by combining with the target mRNA and play a vital role in biological and pathological processes including the growth of organism , metabolic regulation, disease prediction and intervention.Thus miRNA detection is of considerable significance in disease diagnosis and the research of miRNA function.Because of the restriction factors about miRNA itself such as short sequence, low abundance and highly homologous , traditional methods for miRNA detection cannot meet the current demands due to the limitations like unsatisfactory sensitivity and complicated operation .This review summarizes the newly development about signal amplification -based methods for miRNA, including the advantages and limitations of all kinds of novel methods , and highlights the future trends as well.

Objective To assess the factors affecting survival of malignant pheochromocytoma/malignant paraganglioma.Methods The clinical data of 85 malignant pheochromocytoma/malignant paraganglioma patients were analyzed retrospectively.All the patients were followed up,the duration from 2 months to 283 months,the median time was 48 months.The overall survivals of 5 years and 10 years were calculated.The possible affecting factors,such as gender,age,tumor function,metastatic sites,metastatic fields,incipience or recurrence,the time to recur,were analyzed.Survival differences between groups were compared with the log rank test.Multivariate analysis was performed by using Cox regression analysis to detect variables independently associated with survival.All P values were 2 tailed with P ＜ 0.05 considered statistically significant.All statistical analysis was done by SPSS 17.0 software package.Results The overall median survival time was 62 months,5-year survival rate was 44.7％,10-year survival rate was 11.8％.Gender (P =0.649),age (P =0.228),incipience or recurrence (P =0.217) had no significant effect on the survival time.Significance was found in tumor function (P =0.034),metastatic sites,metastatic fields (P =0.009),the time to recur (P =0.003).The median survival time of patients with nonfunctioning tumor and functioning tumor was 90 months and 37 months.The median survival time of patients with multiple system metastases and single system metastasis was 37 months and 117 months.For the patients with single system invaded,there were 15 cases (26.8％) of bone metastasis,10 cases (17.9％) of lymph node metastasis,8 (14.3％) of liver metastasis,7 (12.5％) of lung metastasis,6 (10.7％) of renal metastasis,6 (10.7％) of intestine metastasis and 4 (7.1％) of brain metastasis.The median survival time was 110,77,28,14,26,8 and 19 months.The median survival time of patients with lung,liver,intestine metastasis were shorter than the other patients (P ＜ 0.05).Fifty-five patients were found recurrence after operation,recurrent time was from 4 to 65 months,and the median time was 22 months.The survival time of patients with recurrence within 2 years was shorter than patients above 2 years (P =0.003).Conclusions The prognosis of malignant pheochromocytoma/malignant paraganglioma is poor.Gender,age,incipience or recurrence could not affect the overall survival time.The survival time has relationship with the function of tumor,metastatic field,metastatic sites and time to recurrence.The patients with nonfunctioning tumor have longer survival time than those with functioning tumors.The survival time of patients with single system invaded is longer than ones with multiple systems invaded.The common metastatic sites are bone,lymph node,liver,lung,kidney,intestine and brain.Patients with intestine metastasis have worst prognosis.The patients with only bone and lymph node metastasis have best prognosis.Patients with recurrence above 2 years have a better prognosis than those within 2 years.

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of von H ippel-Lindau (VHL) disease.Methods The clinic data of one kindred with VHL disease type Ⅱ B was reviewed including clinical manifestation,imaging,pathology and therapy.A 40-year-old male complained of the left upper extremity numbness for 6 months,and a variety of visceral tumors were found 3 months ago.Contrast-enhanced MR imaging showed multiple brain tumors.CT showed left kidney tumor,pancreatic tumor,pars-aortic tumor and left adrenal tumor.Fundoscopy showed multiple retinal hemangioblastoma.PET-CT discovered abdominal multiple tumors.And pedigree analysis was to determine the family medical history,and 6 members got genetic screening.Results In the kindred with VHL disease type Ⅱ B,9 members (30％) out of 40members in 4 generations got the disease.Six members got genetic screening,and the result showed 5 (5/6) members had mutation.Three (3/5) members with 3 sites genetic mutation showed clinical manifestation,1 (1/5) members with 3 sites genetic mutation without clinical manifestation found brain tumors by MRI,and 1 ( 1/5 ) member with 1 site genetic mutation did not find disease by comprehensive checkup.The main mutation located at exon 1 in chromosome 3p25 of VHL gene.All mutation was hetcrozygous mutation.The 295,337 and 337 nucleotide thymine of the VHL gene were substituted by cytosine,cytosine and adenine,which made the 98th,112th and 112th tyrosine substituted by histidine and asparagines.One member with 1 site mutation had 98th tyrosine substituted by cytosine.The first operation was to remove brain tumor,and the second operation was to remove adrenal tumor,para-aortic tumor and renal tumor.Pathology of the brain tumors showed hemangioblastoma,and the retroperitoneal tumors were clear cell carcinoma,paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma.Followed up for 6 months after operation,no relapse occurred.Conclusions VHL disease is a relatively rare autosomal dominant disorder.Comprehensive management of patients should also include genetic counseling and screening for other manifestations of the disease process.Genetic testing might be helpful in early detection of asymptomatic VHL patients.Members having gene mutation should be followed up strictly.Surgical management of VHL disease should be decided on the base of comprehensive assess.Multiple lesions could be cut off in one operation.For patients with pheochromocytoma,pheochromocytoma shuld be handled first.

Objective To evaluate the surgical effect for congenital nystagmus (CN) with an abnormal head position in all three axes of a predominant head turn. Design Retrospective case series. Participants 11 patients with horizontal nystagmus and abnormal head position treated in Xingtai Eye Hospital during 2003-2008. All had an abnormal head position in all three axes with a predomi-nant head turn. Methods Recession of the yoke muscles responsible for the slow phase of nystagmus (one medial rectus of 6mm, and one lateral rectus 8 mm), and simultaneously resection of the yoke muscles responsible for the fast phase of nystagmus (the other lateral rectus 9 mm, and medial rectus 7 mm) were performed. The follow-up was from 6 to 20 months. Main Outcome Measures The visual acuity of both eyes in primary position, the degree of head turn, chin elevation or depression, head tilt. Results At the last follow-up, the all 11 patients undergoing the operation for CN gained two or more lines of Snellen acuity with both eyes in primary position for be-ing corrected best. The postoperative mixed head position of 9 cases got disappear or ≤ 10°. Of 1 case developed overcorrection of the head turn. 1 case has the head turn of ≤15°, and 1 case remained the head turn of 25°. Conclusion Recessions and resections of the horizontal yoke rectus muscles in nystagmus with blockage position, when the head turn predominates over the vertical and torsional components, are effective in diminishing the abnormal head position on all three axes, and improve the visual acuity with both eyes in primary position. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2009, 18: 275-278)

Objective To analyse the CT findings of Bochdalek hernia in adult.Methods The CT scan of 42 cases were reviewed showing a mass abutting the upper surface of the diaphragm, the defect was located in the posteromedial aspect of hemidiaphragm with continuity of subdiaphragmatic and supradiaphramatic densities through the diaphramatic defect. Among these, 25 cases were male and 17 cases female. The average age was 64 years, 71.4%≥60 old.Results 53 Bochdalek hernias were identified in 42 cases, 11 cases were bilateral, 21 cases were on the left and 10 cases were on the right side. The diaphragmatic defects diameter ranged 0.5～6.7 cm, the median was 2.8 cm. The range of Bochdalek hernias diameter was 1.5～9.0 cm, with median of 3.7 cm. There was a significant association between diaphragmatic defects and size of hernias (r s=0.72,P

Objective To explore the autobiographical memory characteristics of chronic pain patients and its correlators.Methods Autobiographical memory,pain and emotion of 106 chronic pain patients and 106healthy controls were assessed with the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), the Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), the Pain Self-efficacy Questionaire (PSEQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).Results Compared to the control group, the clinical group had less specific memory (3.63 ± 1.53, 2.63 ± 1.68, F (1.416) = 7.233, P ＜ 0.01 ) and more overgeneral memory (2.37 ± 1.53,3.37 ±1.68, F (1.416) =7.069, P＜0.01 ),but the latency to response was not statistically significantly different between the groups.Duration of pain,frequence of pain and pain self-efficacy were the significant predictors of overgeneral memory,and the regression coefficients were significant (P＜0.05 ) ,the multiple regression equation was statistically significant( R = 0.427, R2 = 0.183, F= 2.385, P＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion The autobiographical memory of chronic pain patients was overgeneralized because of the influence of duration, frequence and self-efficacy of pain.

Obiective To observe the value of speckle tracking imaging(STI)in assessing left atrial(LA) function in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF).Methods Twenty-two patients with CHF[LVEF(37.1± 10.5)%]and twenty normal controls[LVEF(61.94±10.68)%]were studied.CHF group was subdevided into patients with normal or abnormal LV filling pressure.Velocity vector imaging(Siemens Medical Solutions)was used to acquire 2-D images at parasternallong axis and apical 4-chamber views.The LA dimension and volume,LV volume and ejection fraction,ratio of mitral valve E wave and mitral annulus velocity e'E/e')were measured. LA tangential and radial velocity(Vt-As,Vr-As)and time to peak velocity(TVt-As,TVr-As)were analysed on Syngo Workplace offline.Results Vt-As and Vr-As of the CHF group were significantly smaller than those of the controls(P＜0.05),and Vr-As was even decreased in patient with elevated LV filling pressure(P＜0.05), however,TVt-AS and TVr-AS didn't show evident impairment in the CHF group(P＞0.05).Vt-As and Vr-AS were closely correlated with LVEF,EDV and ESV(P＜0.05).Vt-As was negtively correlated with LA volume (P＜0.05).Conclusions STI can quickly and accurately assess LA function,and help to recognize patients with elevated LV filling pressure,which is useful in the risk stratification,treatment evaluation and prognosis prediction of CHF patients.

Objective To study the feasibility and security about misoprostol combined with fentanyl and propofol applied in visualization of artificial abortion.Methods 1270 cases of pregnant women who requested termination of pregnancy and voluntarily accepted abortion were selected.In the observe group,634 cases of pregnant women received oral misoprostol about 600 mg 90 minutes before surgery.After anesthetized by fentanyl and propofol,painless artificial abortion using visual abortion instrument was carried out.In the control group,636 cases of pregnant women anesthetized by fentanyl and propofol via the venous were carried out artificial abortion.The degree of cervical relaxation,loss of blood,total dose of propofol,surgical time,recovery time,the incidence of abortion complications and so on were observed.Results In the observation group and the control group,the average dosage of propofol are( 14.15 ± 2.37) ml and (16.90 ± 4.52) ml respectively;The average time required for surgery are ( 146.1 ± 38.2) s and ( 199.7 ± 37.3 ) s respectively;the average time required for awakening are ( 6.01 ± 1.90 ) min and ( 8.81 ± 2.02 )in;In the observation group,there are 405 ( 63.9% ) cases of cervical laxity markedly,in the control group,including 145 ( 22.8% ) cases of cervical laxity markedly,there is statistical significance ( P ＜ 0.05 ) between the observation group and the control group.There are no abortion syndrome in both groups.Conclusion Misoprostol combined with fentanyl and propofol was the first choice for painless artificial abortion using ultrasound visualization.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the clinical efficacy of levodopa combined with comprehensive therapy for ametropic amblyopia children and teenagers and its effeets on pattern visual evoked potential(P-VEP)and visual function. METHODS:70 pa-tients(80 eyes)with ametropic amblyopia were randomly divided into observation group(35 cases,40 eyes)and control group(35 cases,38 eyes). Control group received comprehensive therapy as wearing correctional glasses,occlusion therapy and visual stimu-lation training;observation group additionally received levodopa 0.125(d1-3)-0.25 g/time,bid,on the basis of control group for 6 months. Therapeutic efficacy,P-VEP,Visual sensitivity and visual function were compared between two groups,and the occur-rence of ADR was recorded. RESULTS:The effective rate of observation group(92.50%)was significantly higher than that of con-trol group(76.32%),with statistical significance(P<0.05);the wave amplitude of P-VEP P100 in observation group were signifi-cantly greater than in control group,and the incubation period was significantly shorter than control group,with statistical signifi-cance(P<0.05);visual acuity under different spatial frequency contrast were significantly higher than control group,and correc-tion convergence range and correction separation range of observation group were significantly greater than those of control group, while corrected near stereo vision was significantly less than control group,with statistical significance (P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in ADR incidence between 2 groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Levodopa combined with comprehensive therapy can improve the function of visual central neurons,and improve visual acuity and binocular stereo vision functions so as to improve therapy efficacy.

Objective To understand the current status of infections of intestinal parasites of population in Taixing City,Ji-angsu Province. Methods The infection rates and densities of human intestinal parasites were investigated according to the methods of the National Investigation Scheme on Human Principal Parasites,and the data of society,economy and disease con-trol were collected and analyzed. Results Among 2 556 people investigated in five villages,16 persons were found with intesti-nal parasites, with an infection rate of 0.63%. The infection rate was higher in residents with a low education level than in others and it was higher in the age group over 50 years than in the group under 50 years. The infection density was mild and the most was the single parasite infection. Conclusions The current status of intestinal parasite infections of population in Taixing City has reached the county-level control standard of Jiangsu Province. Therefore,the preventive strategy and measures should be ad-justed and the monitoring work should be strengthened.