Surgical resection offers hilar cholangiocarcinoma patients the only chance for cure and long-term survival.Hepatectomy,extrahepatic bile duct resection,regional lymphadenectomy and hepatojejunostomy are the current treatment of choice for most patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Because of the aggressive nature of hilar cholangiocarcinoma and the absence of effective adjuvant therapy,surgical therapy still remains a challenge to hepatopancreatobiliary surgeons even in the precise surgery era.Controversies exist over preoperative assessment and staging,the use of preoperative biliary drainage,preoperative portal vein embolization,the range of hepatic resection,portal vein resection and construction,hepatic arteriectomy and the range of lymphadenectomy.This article reviews the surgical management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with a focus on these controversies.

The application of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in hepatectomy is safe and feasible.The related researches of the clinical strategies of ERAS involved in colonic surgery instead of management of basic diseases of liver,and the influence of portal hypertension and hepatitis B virus infection on the ERAS has not been emphasized.According to the clinical strategies of ERAS in colon surgery,the basic diseases and the characteristics of liver were focused,and the clinical strategies of ERAS in the era of precision liver surgery were proposed.Through concerted efforts of the multidisciplinary team and a joint of surgeons,nurses and patients,the establishment of multicentre clinical studies under guidance of evidence-based medicine (EBM) will show clearly a development direction of the clinical strategies of ERAS in the era of precision liver surgery.

Perioperative immunosuppression exists in cancer patients are as a result of their own disease,and postoperative pain inhibit immunological function.The effective postoperative analgesia can relieve the suppression of cell-mediated immunity,as well as reducing tumor recurrence and metastasis.However,diverse range of analgesic agents and techniques have a different impact on immune function.This article reviews the influence of various analgesic agents and techniques on the perioperative immune function of cancer patients so as to provide more suitable analgesia techniques,which is beneficial for regulating of immune balance,lessening tumor recurrence and improving prognosis.

To find out the health need of the city population in Guangzhou and the service level of the city's medical units and to set up a public health service system to answer the need of the market e- conomy,an investigative analysis is here focused on the health state and health service need of the city's population,the allocation of the health resources and the utilization of the city's health resources,eco- nomic factors,ways of medical payment,the cultural and age composition of the population structure, and the impact of the service personnel quality on the utilization of the service.It is suggested that the government increase its fund appropriation on public health,establish neighborhood medical leagues, start medical insurance,speed up cooperative medicine in the countryside,and complete the medical se- curity system.

The progress of liver surgery is characterized by precision,minimal invasion and effectiveness in the 21 st century.Establishment of painless liver surgery ward and implementation of pain management in the perioperative period are not only the central content of enhanced recovery after surgery,but also one of the core connotation in precision liver surgery research.Conducting training programs for medical staffs,emphasizing health education of pain,selecting the reasonable pain assessment strategy,combination of preemptive analgesia and multimodal analgesia in the perioperative period and paying attention to individualized analgesia are important contents of construction of painless liver surgery ward.To carry out multicentre clinical study energetically,explore clinical pathway for the construction of painless ward and perioperative analgesic model are the development orientation for the construction of painless liver surgery ward.

Blood transfusion in liver surgery still plays an important role.However,blood transfusions may cause immunosuppression recipients and hinder the body' s immune response against the tumor,promotes tumor metastasis and recurrence.How to resolve this contradiction? We must study and research the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion on liver cancer metastasis and recurrence after hepatic resection,and to find strategies to improve the liver cancer prognosis.

Objective To compare cerebralspinal fluid acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD), and their correlation with cognitive impairment.Methods First, dementia scales of 22 ADs, 22 VDs and 20 controls were scored using MMSE. Then the concentrations of CSF ACh and Ch in AD and VD were examined using the high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD). Finally, the scores of MMSE and concentrations of ACh and Ch were compared. Results The ACh concentrations in AD[(10.7?5.1)nmol/L] and VD [(16.8?7.4)nmol/L] were found to be significantly lower than in controls [(34.5?9.0)nmol/L]( P =0.001), and showed a significant positive correlation with MMSE scores. The Ch concentration in AD CSF [(627.6?145.1)nmol/L] was approximately the same as in controls [(716.0?159.4)nmol/L], and showed no correlation with MMSE scores. The Ch concentration in VD CSF [(887.4?187.4)nmol/L] was significantly higher than in AD ( P =0.001) and controls ( P =0.002).Conclusion (1)The depression of ACh is correlated with cognitive impairment, suggesting ACh is an important neurotransmitters for memory. (2) VD may have a similar pathogenesis as AD. (3) The depression of AD ACh concentration and elevation of VD Ch concentration in CSF may be a role in their differentiation. (4) The application of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is suitable for AD and VD.

Extracellular matrix protein-1 (ECM-1) is a secretory glycoprotein. Recent studies found that the protein may be related to the digestive tract tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. In this paper,the basic structure and function, as well as the possible mechanism in gastrointestinal cancer have been reviewed.

Liver resection is the most efficiency measure to treat the liver cancer at present. About 80% patients with liver cancer encounter inordinately hepatocirrhosis. The regeneration of liver tissue in the patients with hepatocirrhosis is poor, liver functional reserve reduces, those patients with liver cancer combined with hepotocirrhosis will face greater risks when they receive hepatoectomy. Liver failure is the leading cause of death after hepatic resection. So we must attach importance to the assessment of liver functional reserve before operation. Here this article mostly summarizes the comprehensive assessment of hepatic functional reserve before operation in liver cancer patients.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a major disease for serious threat to human health, ranked third in the world of cancer causes of death and second in China' s in cancer mortality. There are gender differences in the incidence of HCC and numerous studies on estrogen' s role in the formation of HCC, and the formation of estrogen in the liver plays a protective role during the hepatocarcinogenesis. Some studies have shown estrogen inhibiting the expression of interleukin-6 thereby reducing the incidence of HCC. IL-6 and HGF have an important role in promoting HCC formation process, estrogen and these factors have are also important links. Now require in-depth exploration of novel adjuvant therapy is required to improve the survival rate of patients with HCC.