Digital technologies have become an integral part of complete denture restoration. With advancement in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), tools such as intraoral scanning, facial scanning, 3D printing, and numerical control machining are reshaping the workflow of complete denture restoration. Unlike conventional methods that rely heavily on clinical experience and manual techniques, digital technologies offer greater precision, predictability, and efficacy. They also streamline the process by reducing the number of patient visits and improving overall comfort. Despite these improvements, the clinical application of digital complete denture restoration still faces challenges that require further standardization. The major issues include appropriate case selection, establishing consistent digital workflows, and evaluating long-term outcomes. To address these challenges and provide clinical guidance for practitioners, this expert consensus outlines the principles, advantages, and limitations of digital complete denture technology. The aim of this review was to offer practical recommendations on indications, clinical procedures and precautions, evaluation metrics, and outcome assessment to support digital restoration of complete denture in clinical practice.
Humans ; Denture, Complete ; Computer-Aided Design ; Denture Design/methods* ; Consensus ; Printing, Three-Dimensional

Objective To investigate sodium hydrogen sulfide(NaHS)with function of regulating glutathione(GSH)synthesis to reduce reactive oxygen species(ROS)production in type 2 diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM).Methods Mouse cardiomyocyte cell line HL-1 was incubated with high concentration of glucose(HG:40 mmol/L)and palmitate(Pal:500 μmol/L)as a cell model of type 2 DCM.HL-1 cells were incubated with NaHS(100 μmol/L),DL-propargylglycin(PPG,1 mmol/L)and N-acetyl-l-cysteine(NAC,5 mmol/L),respectively for 72 hours.The expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase(CSE)and the key enzymes of glutathione production was tested by Western blot.Dihydroethidium(DHE)and dichlorofluoromethane(DCFH)were used to detect the content of ROS in HL-1 cells.Cell viability was detected by CCK8 kit.The content of total GSH was detected.The interaction between muscle specific ring finger protein 1(Murf1)and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)and Nrf2 ubiquitylation was determined by co-immunoprecipitation(co-IP).Results Compared with control group,the expression level of CSE,solute carrier family 7 members 11(SLC7A11),glutamate cysteine ligase C(GCLC),glutamate cysteine ligase M(GCLM)and glutathione synthetase(GSS)in HL-1 cells treated incubated with high glucose and palmitate was decreased,however,NaHS was found to restore it.NaHS reduced the content of ROS in HL-1 cells treated with high glucose and palmitate.The interaction between murf1 and Nrf2 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP).Compared with NaHS group,the ubiquitylation level of Nrf2 was enhanced in high glucose and palmitate group.Conclusions Sodium hydrosulfide may reduce the ubiquitylation level of Nrf2 and promote the expression of key enzymes of GSH synthesis.

Objective To investigate the function of sodium hydrosulfide(NaHS)to regulate mitochondrial fusion/fission in diabetic cardiomyopathy and underlying mechanism.Methods Db/db mice as type 2 diabetes animal model were treated by NaHS.H9C2 cells incubated with glucose(40 mmol/L),palmitic acid(200 μmol/L,Pal)and oleate(200 μmol/L,Ole)were intervened by NaHS(100 μmol/L).H2C9 cellswere divided into control,HG+Pal+Ole,HG+Pal+Ole+NaHS and Pal+Ole+DJ-1 siRNA+NaHS groups.The protein level of Mfn2,Fis1,CSE,and DJ-1 was determined by Western blot.Mitotracker staining was used to observe the morphology of mitochondria.The ultra-structural alteration of cardiac tissues was detected by transmission electron microscopy.The cardiac functions were detected by echocardiography.Results Expression of Fis1 was increased(P＜0.05)and expression of Mfn2 was decreased(P＜0.05)in db/db and H9C2 treated by HG+Pal+Ole compared to control group.NaHS could upregulate the expression DJ-1,enhance the expression of Mfn2,and reduce the expression of Fis1.In db/db mice,cardiac systolic function was reduced.Disordered arrangement of myofilament,loss of cristae and mitochondrial fission were observed.NaHS could ameliorate these alterations.Conclusions NaHS may alleviate mitochondria injury by promoting mitochondrial fusion.

Objective? To compare predicted incidence of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) by doctors, nurses and patients with its actual incidence. Methods? We used the prospective paired design to select 320 patients with the induced vomiting plan of medicine department at Peking Union Medical College Cancer Hospital by convenience sampling, and we allocated 72 doctors and 48 responsibility nurses for patients. The predicted chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting scale was filled in by doctors, nurses and patients as required to understand the incidence of CINV predicted by them. After patients completed their chemotherapy, the Chinese version of MASCC antiemesis tool (MAT) was filled out by nurses to investigate the actual incidence of CINV. Results? The paired chi-square test showed that the incidence of acute and delayed CINV were 38.75% and 61.25% respectively. There was no statistical difference between the incidence of acute CINV predicted by doctors, nurses as well as patients and the actual incidence (P＞0.05). There was also no statistical difference between the incidence of delayed CINV predicted by nurses and the actual incidence (P＞0.05). Doctors and patients all underestimated the incidence of delayed CINV with a statistical difference (P＜0.05). The consistency between the incidence of acute as well as delayed CINV predicted by doctors, nurses, patients and the actual incidence was poor with Kappa value ranging from 0.02 to 0.34. A total of 54.93% to 57.77% of doctors and nurses predicted that CINV could be controlled well lower than that (about 70%) of patients with statistical differences (P＜0.05). Conclusions? There is still much improvement space for control of delayed CINV. Medical staff should take effective measures to improve the level of estimate and the level of CINV symptom management, and to improve the quality of life among patients.

Objective To explore the clinical symptom clusters in breast cancer patients with anthracycline treatment, which could provide evidence for prevention. Methods The M.D.Anderson Symptom Inventory of Chinese version (MDASI-C) was applied to assess clinical symptoms in 506 breast cancer patients received anthracycline therapy during their 1stto 4thcycle chemotherapy.Thirteen symptoms were analyzed using main-component analysis and variance orthogonal rotation. The exploratory factor analysis was conducted to find factors value greater than 1. Results The number of symptoms with incidence rate more than 50% was 5, 6, 7 and 9 during the 1stto the 4thcycle, respectively. Fatigue, poor appetite, and nausea were the most common symptoms, and the incidence of these symptoms were 92.5% to 97.1% ,84.8% to 95.1% and 81.1% to 91.3% with the increasing cycle of chemotherapy.Three factors value greater than 1 were detected during the 1stto 2ndcycle chemotherapy by exploratory factor analysis.The cumulative variance contribution rates were 63.233% and 61.434% in the 1stand 2ndcycle, respectively. The main symptom clusters concentrate on fatigue and digestive tract symptoms, including fatigue, sleep disturbance, hypersomnia, nausea, vomit, poor appetite, dry mouth. Two factors value greater than 1 were detected during 3rdto4thcycle in chemotherapy. The cumulative variance contribution rates were 62.660% and 61.148% in the 3rdand 4thcycle, respectively. The main symptom clusters concentrate on psychological and nervous system symptoms including sadness, pain, dry mouth, numbness, hypersomnia, shortness of breath, amnesia and so on. The Cronbach α of cluster symptoms from the 1stto the 4thcycle chemotherapy was between 0.829 to 0.911. Conclusions Symptom clusters vary with the cycles of chemotherapy in breast cancer patients treated with anthracycline. Nurses should provide targeted intervention measures to improve symptom and enhance quality of life, according to specific situation.

The brain has very high energy requirements and consumes 20% of the oxygen and 25% of the glucose in the human body. Therefore, the molecular mechanism underlying how the brain metabolizes substances to support neural activity is a fundamental issue for neuroscience studies. A well-known model in the brain, the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, postulates that glucose uptake and glycolytic activity are enhanced in astrocytes upon neuronal activation and that astrocytes transport lactate into neurons to fulfill their energy requirements. Current evidence for this hypothesis has yet to reach a clear consensus, and new concepts beyond the shuttle hypothesis are emerging. The discrepancy is largely attributed to the lack of a critical method for real-time monitoring of metabolic dynamics at cellular resolution. Recent advances in fluorescent protein-based sensors allow the generation of a sensitive, specific, real-time readout of subcellular metabolites and fill the current technological gap. Here, we summarize the development of genetically encoded metabolite sensors and their applications in assessing cell metabolism in living cells and in vivo, and we believe that these tools will help to address the issue of elucidating neural energy metabolism.
Animals ; Biosensing Techniques ; Brain ; cytology ; metabolism ; Cytological Techniques ; Energy Metabolism ; Humans ; Luminescent Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Time Factors

Objective To clone the aldehyde dehydrogenase (adhA) gene from Methylovorus glucosotrophus and study its expression,purification and enzymatic characteristics.Methods The adhA gene was amplified and cloned to the expression vector pTIG.The AdhA was successfully expressed with induction in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3).The enzymatic characteristics were investigated by AHMT,and AdhA was purified by Ni+ exchange chromatography.Results AdhA accounted for more than 50% of the total cell proteins,and the purity was about 95%.With methanol as the substrate,the optimal pH of AdhA was 7.0,while the optimal temperature was 30℃.The enzymatic activity of purified AdhA remained about 60% when stored at room temperature for 6 days.Conclusion AdhA from MP688 is expressed in vitro,and methanol is the optimal substrate among all the substrates investigated.

Objective To prepare and characterize specific monoclonal antibodies( McAbs) against the heavy chain of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A ( BoNT/AHc ) .Methods BALB/c mice were immunized with purified BoNT/AHc protein.After the fusion of mouse splenic cells with SP2/0 cells, hybridoma cell lines secreted McAbs against BoNT/AHc. The McAbs obtained were characterized by indirect ELISA, Western blotting and rapid isotypingassay before being used in ELISA to detect interaction sites in McAbs and BoNT/AHc preliminarily.Results Antigen protein BoNT/AHc of high purification was obtained.Four hybridoma cell lines secreting McAbs against BoNT/AHc were screened,named 1A4,3H3, 3H7 and 5H8,respectively.Their titers of McAbs were all above 3.0 ×103 .They were specifically combined with BoNT/AHc protein by Western blotting.The isotype of 1A4 and 3H7 was IgG1(Κ),that of 3H3 was IgM(Κ),and that of 5H8 was IgG2b(Κ).Additive ELISA showed that epitopes recognized by the four McAbs were close.ELISA analysis confirmed the interaction epitopes in McAbs and BoNT/AHc.Conclusion Monoclonal antibodies against BoNT/AHc are prepared and characterized,providing effective tools for studying the neutralizing antibody and antibody epitopes of BoNT/AHc.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of PRGD composite nerve conduit in the treatment of human large-diameter,critical peripheral nerve defect in upper extremity.Methods From December,2011 to August,2014,19 patients with large-diameter,critical peripheral nerve defect in upper extremity were treated with PRGD composite nerve conduit.The patients were followeded-up periodically.The sensory and motor function recovery,high frequency ultrasound,and EMG were employed to assess the efficacy.Results The patients were followed up for an average time of 12-32 months(mean 21.75 ± 6.86 months),sensory and motor function recovered excellent in 7 patients,satisfactory in 7 patients,tolerable in 3 patients and no improvement in 2 patients were obtained according to the peripheral nerve function assessment standard built by British medical research council,the rate excellent and satisfactory results was 73.7％.Conclusion It is clinically promising to use PRGD composite nerve conduit to repair large-diameter,critical peripheral nerve defect in upper extremity,thus laying a foundation for its further application in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can be induced to differentiate into neuron-like cells directional y. Accordingly, BMSCs can be used as seed cells theoretical y in constructing tissue-engineered peripheral nerves.
OBJECTIVE:Using combination of two cytokines to induce BMSCs differentiating into neuron-like cells directional y, and further to discusse its application in peripheral nerve injury.
METHODS:BMSCs were isolated and purificated from the bone marrow of Wistar rats by using the differential adherence method. Basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor were used to induce the BMSCs differentiating into neuron-like cells. The morphological change was observed and the neuronal specific markers were detected by immunohistochemistry technique. The morphological and immunohistological changes were also studied after the induce agent were removed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:With presence of morphological and immunohistochemical features of nerve cells induced by neurotrophic factors, BMSCs exhibited two or more processes that were interconnected as a meshwork;cellnucleus and nucleus could be observed with strong light refraction of cytoplasm. After immunohistochemical staining, neuroln specific enolase, neurofilament protein and synaptophysin protein positive cells were detected. A great amount of cells reversed to their original fibroblast-like morphology, and the expression of the three above-mentioned proteins decreased as the induce agent withdrawn. Our study showed that BMSCs can be induced to differentiate into neuron-like cells, but the transdifferentiation is a short-time reversible phenomenon.