Objective To study the causes and symptoms about locking knee of unclear causes and analyze the thrapeutic effects of arthroscopy. Methods Arthroscopy was performed for 47 cases who suffered from locking knee of unclear causes.The main focuses observed were synovial shelf(16 cases),synovial hyperplasia(15 cases),synovial cyst(3 cases),Hoffa disease(4 cases)and patellofemoral malalignment(9 cases).These synovial focuses were resected by arthroscopic shaving.For Hoffa disease,arthroscopic partial resection of the infrapatellar fat pad was done.For patellofemoral malalignment,the procedures consisted of a standard lateral retinacular release and distal realignment of the patella. Results All patients were followed up for 2 months to 3 years on (an average of 1 year).The locking of knee disappeared for all cases and painless of knee for 46 cases.The functional recoveries of Knee joint were mostly excellent. Conclusions The main causes consisted of synovial shelf?hyperplasia?cyst,Hoffa disease and patellofemoral malalignment for locking knee of unclear causes.Arthroscopy is not only an important diagnostic method,but also a significant procedure of treatment and the therapeutic effects are satisfactory.

Objective To study short-term therapeutic efficacy of mesh & plug repair for gerontal groin hernias. Methods 110 gerontal patients with groin hernia were treated by mesh & plug hernia repair with Mesh & Perfix plug. Results 98 cases(81.8%) were followed up for two years and no recurrence was found. Conclusions The Mesh & Perfix plug is a kind of ideal material for herniorrhaphy especially for gerontal patients or those with other diseases.

Objective To explore the reliability of patients' sensation of the need to urinate,and to investigate the optimal volume and duration of bladder filling and training method for the stability of bladder filling. Methods From 2014 to 2015,Fifty patients with pelvic tumor were divided into group A and group B,according to whether they had the history of diseases or surgery in the pelvis or urinary system. Both groups received training of the sensation of the need to urinate. The training required patients to drink a fixed volume of water every time they emptied the bladder. The bladder capacity was measured by a bladder scanner ( BladderScan BVI 9400) ,and a rating scale of the sensation of the need to urinate was completed at 30 min,45 min,1 h,and over 1 h when the patient sensed the limit for bladder capacity. The optimal volume and duration of bladder filling or optimal frequency for the training were explored. The paired t-test method was performed for the difference between the predictive value and the measured value,Pearson method was performed for correlation between the sensation of the need to urinate and the measured value. Results In the A and B groups,there was no significant difference between the predicted value and measured value ( A:predicted value and measured value P=0. 777,B:predicted value and measured value P=0. 061) ,suggesting that the measured value could be used to reflect the predictive value. Compared with group B,group A had a higher correlation between the sensation of the need to urinate and the measured value ( rA=0. 812, rB=0. 762).The correlation between the predictive value and the measured value became the highest at 45 min and 1 h ( r=0. 858 and 0. 916) ,and the corresponding bladder filling volume and score of the sensation of the need to urinate were 330-450 ml and 4-6,respectively. The correlation between the predictive value and the measured value increased with the frequency of the training ( r2=0. 914, r3=0. 917, r4=0. 930, r5=0. 951,r6=0. 962) . Conclusions Before radiotherapy,patients with pelvic tumor should received at least 4-6 rounds of the training of bladder filling. Patients should drink 800-1 400 ml of water every time they empty the bladder,and the optimal bladder filling volume and the reliable and stable sensation of the need to urinate will be achieved after 45 min-1 h. For the patients with the history of urinary system diseases or pelvic surgery,the bladder filling volume needs to be measured using a bladder scanner ( BladderScan BVI 9400) during the training before radiotherapy.

Objective To investigate the immunologic reactions around prosthesis and the relationship between immunologic reactions and aseptic loosening. Methods Nine specimens of bone- implant interface membranes obtained during revision of loosened total joint replacements were examined in order to investigate the evidence of hypersensitivity. T lymphocytes and it's subgroup (CD 3, CD 4, CD 8),macrophages (CD 68),IL－ 2 receptor (CD 25) and HLA－ DR antigens were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry on tissue sections. The relationship between the changes of T lymphocytes and inflammatory reactions was also evaluated. Results Histological examinations showed granuloma with a plenty of macrophages and foreign body giant cells in all sections of interface membranes. The number of T lymphocytes increased in five of nine cases, and three of them expressed IL－ 2 receptor. The distribution of T lymphocytes and subpopulations was similar in all cases. The increase of T lymphocytes and IL－ 2 receptor expression showed positive correlation with an increase of macrophages and inflammation reactions. Conclusion Hypersensitivity to the prosthetic materials can exist after total joint replacement. Hypersensitivity may be one of the reasons of prosthetic aseptic loosening.

Objective To elucidate the characteristics and treatment options of the primary joint arthroplasty in patients who had a previous history of the joint infection. Methods Eight total joint arthro-plasties in patients who had previous infection of the joint, were analyzed retrospectively from 1992 to 2001. The diagnosis of joint infection was pyogenic infection in six cases, and tuberculous infection in two cases. Total hip arthroplasty was performed in six cases, the average age of which was 38.1 years (24 to 51 years), and the average quiescent period of infection was 22 years ranging from 6 to 30 years. In these six cases, the average age of infection was 16 years (6 to 31 years); the quiescent period of all five pyogenic infections was more than 20 years, and the quiescent period of other one with tuberculous infection was six years. Total knee arthroplasty was performed in two cases. Results The count of WBC, ESR and CRP were examined routinely with normal values before surgery. While, there were no evidences of infection through intraopertive exploration, and bacterial culture of joint fluids and synovial tissue. The duration of follow-up was 2 to 11 years. The affected limbs had significant shortened deformity of 2 to 6 cm before surgery in hip infections. The hip joints had mal-development and flexion-contracture deformity. All of the patients had no active in-fection before arthroplasty. 5 patients with a quiescent period of pyogenic infection of more than 20 years had no recurrence of infection after total hip arthroplasty. One patient with a quiescent period of 6 months had recurrence of the infection after total knee arthroplasty. There were no recurrence of infection in 2 pa-tients who had tuberculous infection. The results were good except aseptic loosening in one total hip arthro-plasty. Conclusion The total joint replacement for patients with previous joint infection is more difficult in performing in one-stage and on younger patients. The good results can be achieved only on condition that the active infection healed completely, and the patients must keep a definite long period of quiescent time after infection.

[Objective]To analyze the failure mechanisms in patients undergoing revision surgery in different time after index total hip arthroplasty(THA).[Method]The clinical records and radiographs of 78 revision hip surgeries between June 1995 and June 2005 loere reviewed.Forty-two cases were total hip arthroplasty and 36 were hemiarthroplasty.Thirty-six patients had revision surgery within 5 years and 42 more than 5 years.[Result]The causes of early revision THA included infection(16 cases),aseptic loosening,acetabular erosion,and mechanical failure.In the late revision THA,aseptic loosening was the most common reason,and the next common reason were acetabular wear and osteolysis around a well-fixed implant.[Conclusion]Infection is a common reason for the early revision.Aseptic loosening is the major cause for the late revision total hip arthroplasty.

[Objective] To evaluate clinical effect of total hip arthroplasty(THA)with a short-neck and straight stem in patients with osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplastic hip with high dislocation.[Methods]From June 2002 to October 2007,total hip arthroplasties with a short-neck and straight stem were performed for 11 patients(12 hips)with osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplastic hip with high dislocation.All were females with an average age of 51 years(range from 41 to 68 years).The operations were performed through a posterolateral approach.All the acetabular cups were reconstructed at the original anatomic location,and structural autogenous bone-grafting was performed if the cup was not covered enough by host bone.Short-neck and straight femoral stems were used with cement fixation.During operation,the soft tissue around hip was released extensively.[Results]After surgery,the center of the hip had an average distal translation of 4.5cm(range from 3.8 to 4.8 cm)and the limb length had an average increase of 3.9cm(range from 3.6 to 4.3 cm).All the patients were followed up for a mean time of 36 months(range from 10 to 66 months).All structural autografts united and none of acetabular and femoral components showed loosening.No radiolucent line was observed at the bone-cement and at the implant-cement interface around femoral stem.No patient had sciatic or femoral nerve palsy.The mean Harris score increased from preoperative 41.8 points to postoperative 86.2 points.[Conclusion]THA with a short-neck and straight stem for treatment of osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplastic hip with high dislocation avoids femoral shortening osteotomy and greater trochanter osteotomy when the center of hip had a distal translation less than 5cm in preoperative plan,and this choice provides satisfactory results at early-term follow-up.

[Objective] To investigate the radiographic changes of patella after total knee arthroplasty(TKA)with non-resurfaced patellar.[Methods]Fifty-one patients(64 knees)underwent TKA with patellar non-resurfaced.Average age was 68.5 years(range,57~78 years).Average follow-up was 4.8 years(range,2.5~8 years).The radiographic changes of patella,patellar tilt,and patellar lateral shift were evaluated.The functional results of patellofemoral joint were analyzed.[Results]The patellar tilt and lateral shift were improved obviously after surgery.Most patella tracking lied in the middle and there were no obvious degeneration with the time passing.Osteophytes formation and deterioration of patellar tracking were the most common abnormal radiographic changes.There were no obvious relationship between symptoms of patellofemoral joint and patellar degeneration.[Conclusion]Patellar tracking can be improved immediately after non-resurfaced total knee arthroplasty in osteoarthritis patients.There will not be obvious patellar degenerative changes with time passing.

[Objective]To refine operative indications of rotating hinge prostheses and report the medium term results of these implants,and to analyze the reasons for postoperative complications.[Method]From 1999 to 2007,42 Endo-Model(Link) rotating hinge prostheses were used in 34 patients.The cases were all gonarthrosis with severe genu varus,genu valgus or flexion contracture.Bone defect or instability was found in these cases before operation.The mean follow-up was 6.4 years(2.3-10.4 years).[Result]One case of deep infection,and one periprosthetic fracture were noted.And 3 cases of patella subluxation or tilt were detected by postoperative X-ray.All patients had excellent pain relief and restoration of walking capability.The average HSS score improved from 40.5 points to 89 points after surgery.[Conclusion]Besides being used in revision surgery,rotating hinge prostheses are indicated in primary arthroplasties for patients with severe ligament laxity,substantial deformity or bone losses.With appropriate indication selection and accurate operative skill,satisfactory medium term result can be obtained.

Objective Identification of anatomic structures are essential for totally thoracoscopic anatomic pulmonary segmentectomies, however sometimes the procedure are difficulty.This study was to assess whether three-dimensional computed tomography angiography(3D-CTA) could contribute to the preoperative arrangement of thoracoscopic complex segmentectomy.Methods Between September 2012 and August 2014, 29 patients were performed thoracoscopic complex segmentectomies under the guidance of preoperative 3D-CTA.The segmentectomies pattern were based on the nodules' diameter, location,and pathology.The targeted vessels and bronchus were marked in preoperative simulated segmentectomies.Results Of the 29 cases, 9 right upper lobe segmentectomies, 13 left upper segmentectomies, and 7 bibasilar segmentectomies were achieved, among which 6 subsegmentectomies were also inclued.The mean lesion diameter, operative time and intraoperative blood loss were(1.35 ± 0.80) cm, (190.53 ± 50.83) min, and (26.90 ± 32.24) ml respectively.Under the guidance of preoperative 3D-CTA , 8(27.5％) nodules were detected accurately, moreover 2(6.9％) aberrant arteries and 1 (3.4％) aberrant bronchus were observed.According to the marked vessels and bronchus preoperatively, 27 (93.1％) arteries, 25 (86.2％)veins,and 29(100％) bronchus were identified and dissected in the operation.Three cases converted to unplanned segmentectomies.No serious complications or death occurred.Conclusion 3D-CTA is an effective tool to enhance security and efficiency in thoracoscopic complex anatomical segmentectomy.