BACKGROUND: Kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal injury in rodents is a good model for studying human neurodegenerative diseases. Although many studies have evidenced that inflammatory molecules and responses participate in and accelerated the process of disease, it is still unclear whether adaptive immune response, especially immune competent cells, such as T and B cells, is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.OBJECTIVE: To observe the roles of B and T cell subsets in KA-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration.DESIGN: Randomized controlled animal trial.5ETTING: Department of Otolaryngology and Head, and Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Jilin University; Division of Geriatrics, Department of Neurotec, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute.MATERrALS: This trial was conducted in the Department of Neurotec, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute during June to September 2000. Twenty male C57 BL/6 mice (wide-type), and knockout mice CD4(-/-) (n =17), CD8(-/-)(n =19), CD4/CD8(-/-) (n =15) and Igh-6(-/-) (n =14) of C57BL/6 background were involved in this trial. They were aged 5 to 6 weeks,weighing 18 to 20 g. Three age- and body mass-matched C57BL/6 mice received water as controls. Reagent and instruments: KA (Sigma, USA). Bicolor flow cytometer and CellQuest (Becton Dickinson, CA, USA).METHODS: ① Eighty-five anesthetized mice were slowly administrated with 7.69 g/L KA by micropipette which was connected to nose of mouse at the dose of 48 mg/kg. Three control C57BL/6 mice received the same amount of water intranasally. ②Clinical symptoms of mice were monitored. Seizures were graded using a 6-point scale, 0: normal; 6: death.③After 4 to 5 hours of administration of KA, surface immunofluorescence staining of spleen cells was measured with flow cytometer. ④After 7 days of administration of KA, all the mice were anesthetized, and their brains were harvested,then fixed and embedded. For assessment of the severity and extent of hippocampal neurodegeneration by Nissl's staining, the sections were scored by a semiquantitative grading system with a 6-point scale: 0: normal; 6: severe loss of neurons (more than 40% neuron loss in area CA3); ⑤One-factor analysis of variance was used for the comparison of difference among groups and students' t test was used between two groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical grade, hippocampal neuropathological changes and the molecular expression of splenic monocytes of mice in each group.RESULTS: Eighty-five mice were involved in the result analysis. ① Clinical grade: All CD4 (-/-) mice displayed severe seizures, and their clinical symptoms were significantly severer than those of wild type mice (P ＜ 0.01). Clinical scores of CD4/CD8 (-/-) mice were significantly lower than those of wide-type mice (P ＜ 0.01). However, the responses of CD8 (-/-) and Igh-6 (-/-) mice did not differ notably from those of the wild-type mice. The clinical grade of control mice was the lowest. ②Hippocampal neuropathological changes: Neurodegeneration was the mildest in CD4/CD8 (-/-) mice and severest in Igh-6 (-/-) mice. ③ Spleen cell subsets changes: the number of splenic CD4+T cells was significantly increased in CD8(-/-) mice and wide-type mice (before and after administration of KA: 8.4%,14.2%;18.2%,31.5%); CD8+T cells were up-regulated in Igh-6(-/-) mice ( before and after administration: 2.1% and 7.4%); B cells rose numerically in CD4(-/-) (Before and after administration: 22.7% and 32.8%).CONCLUSION: Aadaptive immune response is involved in the KA-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in mice, and B and T cell subsets contribute differently to the pathogenesis.

By using the method of chondrocytes in monolayer culture in vitro we observed the effect of free radicals generated by the xanthine oxidase and xanthine on DNA, matrix proteoglycan (PG), collagen synthesis and ultrastructure of human embryo chondrocytes. Our results showed that the synthesis of DNA, PG and collagen of the chondrocytes were obviously inhibited and the membranes and subcellular organelles of the chondrocytes were damaged strongly. On the bases of these results we suggest that oxygen free radicals from poymorphonuclear leukocytes and phagocytes would be the important factors of cartilage injury in arthritis.

To enhance the capacity for extending and applying appropriate health technologies in rural areas in China,this paper proposes a supportive policy system that incoperates macro,average and microlevels. Thepolicysystemfocusesonorientation, incentives, regulationsand standardization,and its objectives and measures of each level are described.The policy system will contribute to the sustainable development rural health work.

Objective To investigate the effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) on colon motility and its mechanism in development of irritable bowel syndrome via recording ionic channels currents and contraction of guinea-pig proximal colon. Methods The guinea-pigs (body weight ranged from 200 g to 250 g) were deprived of food, but not water, for 12 hours before experiment. The animal was sacrificed and 6 cm of proximal colon was obtained. The contractile activity of isolated proximal colon in 1 × 10-7 ,5 × 10-7 or 1 × 10-6 mol/L of CCK-8 solution was recorded. The impact of 1 × 10-7 , 5 × 10-7 and 1 × 10-6 mol/L of CCK-8 and 1 × 10-6 mol/L CCK-8 nifidipin on current of calcium activated potassium channel (IBKac) was detected with an EPC-10 amplifier and an image analysis software.Results In comparison with blank [(0. 68 ±0. 12) g], the amplitude of colon contraction in 1 × 10-7 ,5×10-7 and 1×10-6 mol/L of CCK-8 was increased by (15. 0±1.5)%,(28. 0±1.4)%, and (36.0±1.6) %, respectively ( n = 7, P = 0. 023,0. 005 and 0. 01 ), but there was no significant change of frequency. When exogenous stimulation at +60 mV, the current of IBKac was enhanced to (117. 45 ± 3.60)%, (125.42± 5. 30)% or (136. 98±6. 80)% in 10-7 ,5 × 10-7 or 10-6 mol/L of CCK-8,respectively, compared with controls (n= 7, P＜0.01 ). However, after adding nifidipin, the current of IBKca was reduced to (102.23±5.60)% in 10-6mol/L of CCK-8 at +60 mV when compared with controls (n=7, P= 1. 491 ). Conclusion CCK enhances proximal colonic motility by increasing Ca2+ influx and IBKac current, which is characterized by enhancement of amplitude of contraction.

AIM: To establish the quality standard for Zhike Pingchuan Capsule (Radix Panacis Quinquefolii, Semen Pruni Armeniacae, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae, etc.). METHODS: Radix Panacis Quinquefolii, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae in Zhike Pingchuan Capsule were identified by TLC and ginsenoside Rb_1 was determined by HPLC. The analysis was carried out on C_~18 column by HPLC. The mobile phase was CH_3CN-H_2O(34∶66). The flow rate was 1.2 mL?min~-1 and the detection wavelength was at 203 nm. The column temperature was at 40.0 ℃ and sensitivity was 0.02 AUFS. RESULTS:The average recovery was 97.20% and RSD was 2.25% and the linear range of ginsenoside Rb_1 was in 0.612-~6.120 ?g. CONCLUSION:This method is simple, rapid with a good reproducibility. This method can be used for the quality control of Zhike Pingchuan Capsule.

Objective To genotype Yersinia pestis and explore intrinsic relationship among different ecotypes of Yersinia pestis in Yunnan foci.Methods A total of 171 strains from three types of Yersinia pestis,house mouse,wild-type mouse and Yulong Yersinia pestis,were tested.Twenty-three different regions (DFR) were used to genotype and cluster analysis was performed using BioNumerics 5.0.Results A total of 171 Yersinia pestis were divided into 7 genotypes by 23 DFRs,which were Genomovar5,Genomovar7,Genomovar9 and 4 newly discovered genotypes.The genotypes of all Yulong plague were Genomovar5.The genotypes of the 16 strains of wild-type mouse plague (the highland of northwestern Yunnan Province type) were divided to 3 genotypes,13 of them were Genomovar 7,2 of them were Genomovar9,and 1 of them was newly discovered genotype Genomovaryn1.The genotypes of the 148 strains of house mouse plague(the residential area of Yunnan and Fujian Provinces type) were divided into 4 genotypes,145 of them were Genomovar9,and 3 of them were newly discovered including Genomovar-yn2,-yn3 and-yn4.The ecological typing results of clustering showed genotype of Yulong plague was similar to the highland of northwestern Yunnan Province type(wild-type mouse plague),and the percentage of similarity was up to 87.20％,but only up to 73.75％ to the residential area of Yunnan and Fujian Provinces type (house mouse plague).The genotypes of 2 wild-type strains of the highland of northwestern Yunnan Province type(wild-type mouse) and main genotypes of the residential area of Yunnan and Fujian Provinces type(house mouse)were Genomovar 9.The genotype of Genomovar-yn 1 of the highland of northwestern Yunnan Province type was similar to Genomovar 7,but lack of DFR 11.The genotypes of Genomovar-yn2,-yn3 and-yn4 of the residential area of Yunnan and Fujian Provinces type were similar to Genomovar 9,but lack of DFR 10,DFR 9 and DFR 11,respectively.Conclusions One newly genotype strain is found in wild-type mouse plague and 3 newly genotype strains are founded in house mouse plague.Wild-type mouse strains are founded in the house mouse strains.The similarity of genotype between Yulong plague and the highland of northwestern Yunnan Province type (wild-type mouse plague) is high while the similarity between Yulong plague and the residential area of Yunnan and Fujian Provinces type(house mouse plague) is low.

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of β2-microglobulin(β2-MG),glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c) and cystain C(CysC) in the diagnosis of early diabetic kidney injury.Methods Seventy cases of diabetic nephropathy(group DN) and 110 cases of simple diabetes(group DM) admitted and treated in our hospital from June to November 2015 were selected as the research subjects and performed the contrastive study with the 50 volunteers undergoing physical examination (control group)in the same period.The levels of β2-MG,HbA1c,CysC,SCr and Urea were compared among three groups.Results Compared with the control group,the SCr and Urea levels in the DM group had no statistically significant difference (P>0.05),while the β2-MG,HbA1c and CysC levels in the DM group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05);the levels of β2-MG,HbA1c,CysC,SCr and Urea in the DN group were significantly higher than those in the control group and DM group,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).The positive rates of single index detection and combined detection of β2-MG,HbA1c and CysC I the DN group were significantly higher than those in the DM group,and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion For the patients with diabetes,β2-MG,HbA1c and CysC can better reflect the early damage of renal function,their joint detection is conducive to the diabetic treatment and disease condition monitoring.

Objective To systematically assess the diagnostic value of gene detection for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) .Methods A literature search was performed in the database of PubMed ,Web of Science ,Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) from databases establishing to March 2015 .Relevant studies on diagnostic value of gene detection for SBP were retrieved .Quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS ) was applied for the included studies .Meta-analysis was conducted using bivariate random effects model .Summary receiver operator characteristic curves (SROC) was conducted to calculate area under curve (AUC) and was compared using Z test .Results Five studies with 423 specimen involved were included in the meta-analysis .The pooled sensitivity ,specificity ,diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) ,positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio of gene detection for the diagnosis of SBP were 0 .56 (95% CI:0 .49 -0 .62) ,0 .88 (95% CI:0 .83 -0 .92 ) ,9 .94 (95% C I:1 .76-56 .27 ) ,4 .35 (95% C I:1 .05 -18 .10 ) and 0 .47 (95% C I:0 .25 -0 .88 ) , respectively .The pooled sensitivity was significantly higher than that of bacterial culture (0 .25[95% CI:0 .19-0 .31]) .The AUC of SROC of gene detection was 0 .810 9 ,which was significantly higher than that of bacterial culture (AUC=0 .659 8 ,Z=3 .14 ,P<0 .01) .Subgroup analysis was conducted in patients with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)≥250 × 106/L in ascites .All the diagnostic indices of gene detection were inferior to those of bacterial culture for SBP ,except for the sensitivity of gene detection for SBP (0 .64[95% CI:0 .53 -0 .74] vs 0 .39[95% CI:0 .29 -0 .51]) .The diagnostic value of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection for SBP was inferior to that of bacterial culture in all the aspects except for the sensitivity (0 .54 [95% CI:0 .47 -0 .61 ] vs 0 .25 [95% CI:0 .19 -0 .31 ]) . Conclusions Gene detection shows higher sensitivity than bacterial culture .The diagnostic value of gene detection is influenced by diagnostic standards .qPCR also shows high sensitivity for SBP diagnosis ,while the diagnostic value was inferior to bacterial culture .More researches with high quality are required to validate the results of this study .

To push on the process of the effective link between graduate education for profes-sional master degree of oral medicine and resident standardized training, a professional curricular con-struction was explored. The system contents included drawing up teaching program, writing reference books and building examination question bank. To realize the objective that combine theory study and clinical practice for graduate education and resident standardized training, the main courses were des-ignated for base professional knowledge, clinical operative skills and research progresses of oral medi-cine, by making multimedia courseware and lectures video frequency.

[Abstract ] Objective Bioinformatics provides a lot of valuable information for online prediction of new genes.In this study, we predicted the biological function of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2S ( UBE2S) based on bioinformatics. Methods The UBE2S gene was screened and cloned from the cDNA library of human HepG2 cells.The relationship of the structure and function of UBE2S was explored based on the full-length cDNA library.MEGA5.05, CLUSTALW2 and SWISS-MODEL were used to study the phylogeny, conservation, and 3D structure of UBE2S. Results The UBE2S gene encoded a polypeptide of 241 residues with a predicted molec-ular weight of 23 770 and an isoelectric point of 8.81.The UBE2S protein contained no transmembrane locus and the probabilities of their functions of growth factors, cation channel and structural protein were 8.904, 0.313, and 0.291.The analysis of BLASTp showed that the isolated UBE2S had a 90-97%identity with the other species. Conclusion Analysis of the structure and function of the UBE2S protein can not only provide more information about its gene family but also pave the way for further experimental studies on the molecular mechanism of the consequent hepatocellular carcinoma.