BACKGROUND: Kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal injury in rodents is a good model for studying human neurodegenerative diseases. Although many studies have evidenced that inflammatory molecules and responses participate in and accelerated the process of disease, it is still unclear whether adaptive immune response, especially immune competent cells, such as T and B cells, is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.OBJECTIVE: To observe the roles of B and T cell subsets in KA-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration.DESIGN: Randomized controlled animal trial.5ETTING: Department of Otolaryngology and Head, and Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Jilin University; Division of Geriatrics, Department of Neurotec, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute.MATERrALS: This trial was conducted in the Department of Neurotec, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute during June to September 2000. Twenty male C57 BL/6 mice (wide-type), and knockout mice CD4(-/-) (n =17), CD8(-/-)(n =19), CD4/CD8(-/-) (n =15) and Igh-6(-/-) (n =14) of C57BL/6 background were involved in this trial. They were aged 5 to 6 weeks,weighing 18 to 20 g. Three age- and body mass-matched C57BL/6 mice received water as controls. Reagent and instruments: KA (Sigma, USA). Bicolor flow cytometer and CellQuest (Becton Dickinson, CA, USA).METHODS: ① Eighty-five anesthetized mice were slowly administrated with 7.69 g/L KA by micropipette which was connected to nose of mouse at the dose of 48 mg/kg. Three control C57BL/6 mice received the same amount of water intranasally. ②Clinical symptoms of mice were monitored. Seizures were graded using a 6-point scale, 0: normal; 6: death.③After 4 to 5 hours of administration of KA, surface immunofluorescence staining of spleen cells was measured with flow cytometer. ④After 7 days of administration of KA, all the mice were anesthetized, and their brains were harvested,then fixed and embedded. For assessment of the severity and extent of hippocampal neurodegeneration by Nissl's staining, the sections were scored by a semiquantitative grading system with a 6-point scale: 0: normal; 6: severe loss of neurons (more than 40% neuron loss in area CA3); ⑤One-factor analysis of variance was used for the comparison of difference among groups and students' t test was used between two groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical grade, hippocampal neuropathological changes and the molecular expression of splenic monocytes of mice in each group.RESULTS: Eighty-five mice were involved in the result analysis. ① Clinical grade: All CD4 (-/-) mice displayed severe seizures, and their clinical symptoms were significantly severer than those of wild type mice (P ＜ 0.01). Clinical scores of CD4/CD8 (-/-) mice were significantly lower than those of wide-type mice (P ＜ 0.01). However, the responses of CD8 (-/-) and Igh-6 (-/-) mice did not differ notably from those of the wild-type mice. The clinical grade of control mice was the lowest. ②Hippocampal neuropathological changes: Neurodegeneration was the mildest in CD4/CD8 (-/-) mice and severest in Igh-6 (-/-) mice. ③ Spleen cell subsets changes: the number of splenic CD4+T cells was significantly increased in CD8(-/-) mice and wide-type mice (before and after administration of KA: 8.4%,14.2%;18.2%,31.5%); CD8+T cells were up-regulated in Igh-6(-/-) mice ( before and after administration: 2.1% and 7.4%); B cells rose numerically in CD4(-/-) (Before and after administration: 22.7% and 32.8%).CONCLUSION: Aadaptive immune response is involved in the KA-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in mice, and B and T cell subsets contribute differently to the pathogenesis.

By using the method of chondrocytes in monolayer culture in vitro we observed the effect of free radicals generated by the xanthine oxidase and xanthine on DNA, matrix proteoglycan (PG), collagen synthesis and ultrastructure of human embryo chondrocytes. Our results showed that the synthesis of DNA, PG and collagen of the chondrocytes were obviously inhibited and the membranes and subcellular organelles of the chondrocytes were damaged strongly. On the bases of these results we suggest that oxygen free radicals from poymorphonuclear leukocytes and phagocytes would be the important factors of cartilage injury in arthritis.

The specific functions, stimulating methods and ranges of clinical application of Renying (ST 9) are explored. Because Renying (ST 9) is located in the neck which is a dangerous area, it is perilous if the acupoint is stimulated, so it is mostly forbidden in the past dynasties. In recent years, the main stimulating methods for Renying (ST 9) include acupuncture and press. The keys of acupuncture are to apply correct technique of needle insertion and control the depth and direction of needle. The keys of press are focused on strength and time of press. Renying (ST 9) is effective for vertigo, palpitation, asthma, hemiplegia, aphasia, hysteria, acute attack of pain, hyperplasia of mammary, continuous hiccup, disorder of throat and so on. As long as the acupoint location is accurate, manipulation is careful and stimulating method is correct, not only the safety could be guaranteed, but also the function can be well-played in clinical application.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature

Objective To investigate the effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) on colon motility and its mechanism in development of irritable bowel syndrome via recording ionic channels currents and contraction of guinea-pig proximal colon. Methods The guinea-pigs (body weight ranged from 200 g to 250 g) were deprived of food, but not water, for 12 hours before experiment. The animal was sacrificed and 6 cm of proximal colon was obtained. The contractile activity of isolated proximal colon in 1 × 10-7 ,5 × 10-7 or 1 × 10-6 mol/L of CCK-8 solution was recorded. The impact of 1 × 10-7 , 5 × 10-7 and 1 × 10-6 mol/L of CCK-8 and 1 × 10-6 mol/L CCK-8 nifidipin on current of calcium activated potassium channel (IBKac) was detected with an EPC-10 amplifier and an image analysis software.Results In comparison with blank [(0. 68 ±0. 12) g], the amplitude of colon contraction in 1 × 10-7 ,5×10-7 and 1×10-6 mol/L of CCK-8 was increased by (15. 0±1.5)%,(28. 0±1.4)%, and (36.0±1.6) %, respectively ( n = 7, P = 0. 023,0. 005 and 0. 01 ), but there was no significant change of frequency. When exogenous stimulation at +60 mV, the current of IBKac was enhanced to (117. 45 ± 3.60)%, (125.42± 5. 30)% or (136. 98±6. 80)% in 10-7 ,5 × 10-7 or 10-6 mol/L of CCK-8,respectively, compared with controls (n= 7, P＜0.01 ). However, after adding nifidipin, the current of IBKca was reduced to (102.23±5.60)% in 10-6mol/L of CCK-8 at +60 mV when compared with controls (n=7, P= 1. 491 ). Conclusion CCK enhances proximal colonic motility by increasing Ca2+ influx and IBKac current, which is characterized by enhancement of amplitude of contraction.

To enhance the capacity for extending and applying appropriate health technologies in rural areas in China,this paper proposes a supportive policy system that incoperates macro,average and microlevels. Thepolicysystemfocusesonorientation, incentives, regulationsand standardization,and its objectives and measures of each level are described.The policy system will contribute to the sustainable development rural health work.

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological features of gastric cancer with ovarian metastasis and to analyze the reasons for its misdiagnosis. Methods There were 52 cases of gastric cancer with ovarian metastasis who had pathologic diagnoses from Jan. 1990 to Jun. 2004, whose clinical datum, pathological classification and the reasons for misdiagnosis were reviewed retrospectively and analyzed. Results The average age of the patients was 40.15?1.28 ( the ages ranging from 22 to 64 ). These patients's first symptoms and signs often were a metastatic ovary cancer. The main ultrasonographic findings were either a complex type of mass with both solid and cystic characteristics or only solid one, most of which accompany hydroperitonia, and among them metastatic ovary tumors on both sides reached 76.9 %. The serum CA125 levels increased, amounting to ( 99.85?14.23)U/mL on the average. It was greatly lower than a primary ovarian cancer(P

Objective To systematically assess the diagnostic value of gene detection for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) .Methods A literature search was performed in the database of PubMed ,Web of Science ,Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) from databases establishing to March 2015 .Relevant studies on diagnostic value of gene detection for SBP were retrieved .Quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS ) was applied for the included studies .Meta-analysis was conducted using bivariate random effects model .Summary receiver operator characteristic curves (SROC) was conducted to calculate area under curve (AUC) and was compared using Z test .Results Five studies with 423 specimen involved were included in the meta-analysis .The pooled sensitivity ,specificity ,diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) ,positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio of gene detection for the diagnosis of SBP were 0 .56 (95% CI:0 .49 -0 .62) ,0 .88 (95% CI:0 .83 -0 .92 ) ,9 .94 (95% C I:1 .76-56 .27 ) ,4 .35 (95% C I:1 .05 -18 .10 ) and 0 .47 (95% C I:0 .25 -0 .88 ) , respectively .The pooled sensitivity was significantly higher than that of bacterial culture (0 .25[95% CI:0 .19-0 .31]) .The AUC of SROC of gene detection was 0 .810 9 ,which was significantly higher than that of bacterial culture (AUC=0 .659 8 ,Z=3 .14 ,P<0 .01) .Subgroup analysis was conducted in patients with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)≥250 × 106/L in ascites .All the diagnostic indices of gene detection were inferior to those of bacterial culture for SBP ,except for the sensitivity of gene detection for SBP (0 .64[95% CI:0 .53 -0 .74] vs 0 .39[95% CI:0 .29 -0 .51]) .The diagnostic value of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection for SBP was inferior to that of bacterial culture in all the aspects except for the sensitivity (0 .54 [95% CI:0 .47 -0 .61 ] vs 0 .25 [95% CI:0 .19 -0 .31 ]) . Conclusions Gene detection shows higher sensitivity than bacterial culture .The diagnostic value of gene detection is influenced by diagnostic standards .qPCR also shows high sensitivity for SBP diagnosis ,while the diagnostic value was inferior to bacterial culture .More researches with high quality are required to validate the results of this study .

To push on the process of the effective link between graduate education for profes-sional master degree of oral medicine and resident standardized training, a professional curricular con-struction was explored. The system contents included drawing up teaching program, writing reference books and building examination question bank. To realize the objective that combine theory study and clinical practice for graduate education and resident standardized training, the main courses were des-ignated for base professional knowledge, clinical operative skills and research progresses of oral medi-cine, by making multimedia courseware and lectures video frequency.

AIM: To establish the quality standard for Zhike Pingchuan Capsule (Radix Panacis Quinquefolii, Semen Pruni Armeniacae, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae, etc.). METHODS: Radix Panacis Quinquefolii, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae in Zhike Pingchuan Capsule were identified by TLC and ginsenoside Rb_1 was determined by HPLC. The analysis was carried out on C_~18 column by HPLC. The mobile phase was CH_3CN-H_2O(34∶66). The flow rate was 1.2 mL?min~-1 and the detection wavelength was at 203 nm. The column temperature was at 40.0 ℃ and sensitivity was 0.02 AUFS. RESULTS:The average recovery was 97.20% and RSD was 2.25% and the linear range of ginsenoside Rb_1 was in 0.612-~6.120 ?g. CONCLUSION:This method is simple, rapid with a good reproducibility. This method can be used for the quality control of Zhike Pingchuan Capsule.

[Abstract ] Objective Bioinformatics provides a lot of valuable information for online prediction of new genes.In this study, we predicted the biological function of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2S ( UBE2S) based on bioinformatics. Methods The UBE2S gene was screened and cloned from the cDNA library of human HepG2 cells.The relationship of the structure and function of UBE2S was explored based on the full-length cDNA library.MEGA5.05, CLUSTALW2 and SWISS-MODEL were used to study the phylogeny, conservation, and 3D structure of UBE2S. Results The UBE2S gene encoded a polypeptide of 241 residues with a predicted molec-ular weight of 23 770 and an isoelectric point of 8.81.The UBE2S protein contained no transmembrane locus and the probabilities of their functions of growth factors, cation channel and structural protein were 8.904, 0.313, and 0.291.The analysis of BLASTp showed that the isolated UBE2S had a 90-97%identity with the other species. Conclusion Analysis of the structure and function of the UBE2S protein can not only provide more information about its gene family but also pave the way for further experimental studies on the molecular mechanism of the consequent hepatocellular carcinoma.