Objective:To evaluate the China’s fairness of health resource distribution in recent years. Methods: Index of priority for health services (IPHS)and index of resources distribution ( IRD) were applied to test the allocation status of health resources with the horizon and vertical comparison analysis. Result: With the development of new health care reform, the public health service gradually improves and the basic health needs are further satisfied. The unfair distribution kept the same among different regions, and the provincial health supply and demand are not matched. Conclusion: Public health resource allocation should keep focus on reducing the divergence from rural-urban dichotomy and narowing inter-provincial gaps.

Solidarity is the foundation of European health care and policy. However, it is constantly discussed by the new concept of personal responsibility, liberalism and privatization. In some European countries, out of pocket money was used more because of the limited resources which indeed weakened the solidarity, an element which con-sistently marks the difference among the European Union countries, and the main source of European political com-mitment and accountability associated with health. In the universal health care reform tide, the European government restrains its power in detailed operation on the health care and pharmaceuticals delivery, medical insurance design, and health resource allocation, but this is done through more specific supervision to ensure solidarity in health care system.

Priority setting of health resource allocation depends on effective and comprehensive government-based stewardship, the national research of which lacks comprehensive considerations. The paper articulates the trend of western research from solo economic analysis to a combined comprehension of political economies, systemic con-straints and health financing, to consider the scope, strategy and enforced framework for government rationing within a larger organizational and political context. In the health decision-making practice, the best formula for interdiscipli-nary tools is a test of stewardship capacity. A multi-disciplinary approach from the perspectives of politics, health e-conomies, philosophy, law and evidence-based medicine must be adopted for the priority setting of health resource al-location. Finally, a clear stewardship phased objective is proposed as well as strategies, with emphasis on health de-cisions from “stewardship as structure” to “stewardship as a process” with challenges that lie ahead.

Healthy China 2030 projected to accelerate the development of health care services, but the healthcare industry in China is still in the early stages of development, and is currently threatened by the lack of the relevant legislation, industry regulations and government supervision.The current plight of supervision on traditional Chinese health care consists of the following factors, lack of legislative guarantee, the overlap between the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and traditional Chinese health care services blurred the supervision scope, no unified standards of Chinese health care service industry, low cost of illegal misconduct, regulatory fragmentation without substantive supervision.Based on the domestic and foreign experience, the following recommendations were put forward: Strengthening government supervision of the whole process of the Chinese medicine health care, clearly identifying the monitoring and the main supervision responsibility by legislation, screening the pseudo-information and enhance public Chinese medicine literacy, improving the self-regulation and self-supervision, and a variety of innovated government led supervision methods should be elaborated and put into practice, such as grid monitoring, classification management, establishment of credibility system, joint supervision, and so on.

Objective To discuss the feasibility of endoscopic axillary lymph node dissection by using balloon dilatation.Methods Seven patients with breast cancer from June 2005 to October 2005 were studied.Methylene blue injection around the areola or the tumor in combination with balloon placement in the axilla was performed to create surgical space for further endoscopic axillary lymph node dissection.Results The number of resected lymph nodes was 9~17(mean,12.3).No crushed lymph node was found.Positive lymph nodes were found in 4 patients.The operation time was 95~140 min(mean,114.3 min).The axillary vein and other important anatomic structures were clearly exposed.There was no edema of the upper limbs or other complications in the axillary area.No recurrence was noted during a follow-up survey for 2~6 months(mean,4.6 months).Conclusions Endoscopic axillary lymph node dissection can be performed after the establishment of surgical space by using balloon dilatation.

In recent years,biofeedback combined with nerve electrical stimulation therapy as a kind of new treatment has been generally applied in paediatrics,gastroenterology,proctology and rehabilitation.This paper is to review the application of the therapy in children with fecal incontinence,including its principle,clinical efficacy and prospects.

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a cognitive impairment caused by cerebrovascular disease and its risk factors,its mechanism is very complex Recent studies have shown that cerebral microbleed (CMB) is correlated with VCI.This article reviews the relationship between CMB and VCI.

This paper introduced the fair benchmarks of evaluation framework for health system constructed by Daniels, et al, and its developmental application in evaluation of health resource allocation fairness .After introdu-cing the resources rational allocation of public health fair benchmarking fixed framework , this paper assessed the al-location of health resources according to the fixed framework .China has achieved good results in public health serv-ice interventions .But public sector governance , macro economic and social policy environment , factors such as ac-countability may restrict the improvement of the health care system .China's health expenditure allocations have un-fairness between provinces , urban and rural areas and different classes .China can use the new benchmark in the field of public health to promote the reform of health resource allocation fairness , make effective social health strate-gies.

Objective To explore the unified assessment methods based on present situation of after-department examination during the internship in the department of obstetrics and gynecology.Methods The present situation of after-department examination in the department of obstetrics and gynecology in 36 comprehensive hospitals of Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College were investigated through interviews and research papers including 12 grade A hospital of the first class hospital (33.33％),19 grade A hospital of the second class(52.78％) and 5 grade B hospital of the second class(13.89％).Totally 137 students of clinical major in 4 grade A hospital of the second class were enrolled and were divided into study group(n=72) and control group(n=65).hems of theoretical examination and skill examination as well as the evaluation standard were established combining with the syllabus of the licensed assistant doctors and the talent training scheme requirements.Students in study group were trained according to the practice syllabus,skill examination requirement and evaluation require-ment while those in control group had no cmresponding requirement.After-department examination was organized by school at the end of internship.The full score of theoretical examination and skill examination score was 50 respectively.Smvey results of after-depamnent examination were analyzed by Fisher's Exact Test and the results of after-depamnent examination were analyzed by t test.Results The hospitals having the after-department examination accounted for 80.56％(29/36).The hospitals having the after-depamnent examination according to the practice syllabus requirements accounted for only 20.69％(6/29).After the intervention,theoretical examination scores of study group and control group were 40.31 ± 3.47 and 35.78 ± 4.92,respectively,with statistically significant differences(t=6.26,P=0.000).The skills assessment scores of study group and control group were 40.42 ± 3.02 and 34.05 ± 5.18,respectively,with statistically significant differences(t=8.90,P=0.000).Conclusions The after-department examination in hospital is in a state of randomness,so unified assessment methods are necessary.

AIM: To observe the effects of Yangxue qingnao-containing serum on rat vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation induced by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). METHODS: The [ 3H]-TdR incorporation and mitogen-activated protein kinasc (MAPK) activity were measured in cultured VSMC. End product of lipid peroxidation-MDA levels were also detected. RESULTS: 1?10 -9 ,1?10 -8 and 1?10 -7 mol/L LPA enhanced the cultured VSMC [ 3H]-TdR incorporation, increased MAPK activity and MDA content in a concentration-dependent manner. 5%, 10% and 15% Yangxue qingnao-containing serum concentration-dependently inhibited the increase in VSMC [ 3H]-TdR incorporation, MAPK activity and MDA content induced by LPA. CONCLUSIONS: LPA has a stimulating effect on VSMC proliferation. The LPA-induced intracellular signal transduction may be related to MAPK activity. Yangxue qingnao can efficiently inhibit LPA -induced VSMC proliferation,MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation. [