This paper made some reflections on the development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) nephrology in recent years. It analyzed the strategic position and importance of social development in the field of prevention and treatment of diseases by TCM. Problems and puzzles on this subject had been summarized and countermeasures had been put forward. Preliminary conceptions on development strategies, goals and direction of TCM nephrology had been made.

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Based on the "Grayscales average distribution" method which equally distributes the input gray levels to output gray levels, three improved methods named: "Reduce the gray range expressed by the less significant subfields", "Low levels preset" and "Modify the exponent of inverse-gamma function" are proposed in this paper. Using these methods, the inverse-gamma relation subfields code can be obtained easily which can improve the low level expressions of AC-PDP. And a program, "gray scales distribution validate program", which can enhance the expressions of the demanded gray levels range, is also proposed in this paper.

Liver fibrosis can be classified as a wound-healing response to a variety of chronic stimuli,and is characterized by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix(ECM)proteins.Hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)are presently regarded as one of the key cell types involved in the progression of liver fibrosis.Following a fibrogenic stimulus,HSC changes from a quiescent to an activated,collagen-producing cell.Each cellular response to extracelluar stimuli must be framed in a scenario.Along these lines,the identification and characterization of intracellular signaling pathways activated by different stimuli in HSCs represent a mandatory step.Drug targets which aim at the extra-cellular signals or intra-cellular cascades are required for ameliorating liver fibrosis.

Hepatic fibrosis is a pathological process in which excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, occurs due to an imbalance between the production and degradation of matrix. Fibrosis is the hallmark of most chronic liver diseases. It is also the major factor of the development of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Therefore, in light of the regulative factors on different levels and mechanism of fiber synthesis and degradation, antifibrotic medicine can inhibit the synthesis of matrix or increase its degradation on different links. The present situation concerning the study of the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine and natural medicine on hepatic fibrosis is reviewed.

Objective: To explore the relationship between CDR1 and CDR2 expression and fluconazole-resistance in clinical Candida albicans strains, so as to explore the mechanism of drug-resistance in Candida albicans. Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clinical Candida albicans strains to fluconazole were determined by broth microdilution method. The total RNA of fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains were extracted, and the expression of the CDR1 and CDR2 genes was examined by real-time RT-PCR. The efflux of Rhodamine 6G was determined in the strains highly expressing CDR1 and CDR2 genes. Results: The incidences of CDR1 and (or) CDR2 overexpression in fluconazole-resistant strains were significantly higher than those in the fluconazole-sensitive stains. The efflux of Rhodamine 6G was significantly increased in the fluconazole-resistant strains when glucose was added, and overexpression of CDR1 and CDR2 were observed in theses strains. Some resistant strains showed no overexpression of CDR1 and CDR2. Conclusion: Fluconazole-resistance in clinical Candida albicans strains is related to the overexpression of ABC transporter proteins. Overexpression of ABC transporters can increase the efflux of drugs and therefore lead to drug-resistance. Other mechanisms may also participate in the development of drug resistance in the clinical Candida albicans strains.

Objective To explore the expression of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its relationship with NSCLC development. Methods Expression of COX-2 protein was detected in 45 eases of NSCLC tissues and 45 cases of paracaneerous tissues by immunohistochemistry assay. Results Expression of COX-2 was detected in a significantly greater proportion of NSCLC tissues(64.4 % ) than that of paracancerous tissues(31.1% )(P＜0.05 );expression of COX-2 in different gender, age and tissue differentiation was no significant difference(P＞0.05);expression of COX-2 in adenocarcinoma was obviously higher than that in squamous carcinoma(P＜0.05);expression of COX-2 in the diameter of carcinoma tissue above 3cm was significantly higher than that below 3cm(P＜0.05) ;expression of COX-2 in carcinoma tissue existing lymphnode metastasis was obviously higher than that in non-existing lymphnode metastasis( P＜0.05 );expression of COX-2 in stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ of TNM was significantly higher than stage Ⅰ + Ⅱ of TNM(P＜0.05 ). Conclusion COX-2 was involved in occurrance and development process of lung cancer.

Unmethylated CpG motif containing oligodeoxynucleotide(CpG ODN) can induce secretion of dendritic cells,and thus presents antigens efficiently,increases expression of costimulatory molecules,causes innate immunity response and adaptive immunity response,then plays anti-tumor roles.

Differences in their morphology,TLC features and trace element contents of Runex japonicus Hott and R. crispus L. were compared to provide a scientific basis for the differentiation of the two herbs during practical use