In this paper, a segmentation method, supervised FCM, is used to segment multi-spectrum MR imaging. The qualitative evaluation of human brain can be provided by the results for diagnostics. It can improve the results using FCM.

Switching Mechanism At 5′ end of the RNA Transcript(SMART)is a technology used in biology researching,So far,there is no review only about SMART technology.So,the aim is to investigate the research developments of principles,methods and applications of the SMART technology.Based on some researches and combined with the review of the related literature at home and abroad,it analyzed and evaluated the latest development of the research on SMART.As the applications of the SMART technology expand in many fields day after day,it has been proved that the SMART technology is a very useful and efficient skill to construct full length cDNA library.As more and more researchers know this technology,the advantages of the SMART technology become obvious,and meanwhile the disadvantages of the SMART technology also show up.That is to say,the technology needed to be improved.

Objective To investigation the clinical characteristics in myasthenia gravis (MG)patients with thymomas.Methods A total of 856 MG patients admitted to the department during 2008.7-2010.12 were reviewed retrospectively.The patients with MG were divided into two groups based on thymic pathology,which were 162 cases with thymoma and 694 cases without thymoma.We compared the different clinical features including the gender,age of onset,MG symptoms and the incidence rate of myasthenia crisis.And the relationship between the WHO types,Maosaoka stages of thymoma and the severe of MG was also studied.Results The percentage of thymoma-associated MG patients was 18.9 percent of hospitalized MG patients at the same period.Of the 162 thymoma-associated patients,94 were male and 68 were female,with a ratio of 1.38∶1 and a mean age of (42.9 ± 12.4)years old.Thymoma was more frequent in middle-old aged patients than in children.Compared with non-thymoma MG,more thymomatous patients showed generalised MG,but not only ocular muscles weakness (90.1％ vs 62.4％,P ＜ 0.001 ).There were significant differences of the incidence rate of myasthenic crisis in the two groups ( 14.8％ vs 2.3％ ).(2)WHO type B2 and Maosaoka Ⅰ,Ⅱ thymoma were the commonest types among all potentially MG-associated thymoma.No differences of Osserman MG classification was found in thymomatous patients with different pathologic changes.Conclusions The thymomatous MG patients had its distinctive clinical features:thymomas occured in about 19.7％ of MG patients with more men than women,more common in generalized,higher incidence of myasthenia crisis,with B2 type thymic pathology and Maosaoka Ⅰ,Ⅱstages.No correlation was found between pathologic and clinical stagcs.

Aim To explore the apoptotic effect of mimics of manganese superoxide dismutase(MnSODm)on human leukemia cell line K562 in vitro and the possible molecular mechanisms.Methods Human leukemia K562 cells were used as the target cells.The cell proliferating activity was examined by a MTT colorimetric assay,and the apoptosis of K562 cells was assessed with FITC-Annexin V and propidium iodide(PI)double staining and morphological changes.The expressions of bcl-2 and bax mRNA were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),and flow cytometry(FCM)was employed to measure the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax protein,mitochondrial inner membrane potential(??m),Cytochrome C(Cyt C)release and Caspase-3 activity.Results The proliferation of K562 cells was obviously inhibited by 0.5~10 mg?L-1 MnSODm(P

AIMTo explore the effect of sodium 4',7-bihydroxylisoflavone-sulfonate (SBIS) on gastric motility in rats and to analyse its mechanisms.

METHODSUsing intraperitoneal (ip) injection and intracerebroventriular (icv) microinjection of drugs and recording the frequency and amplitude of contraction of gastric motility.

RESULTS(1) The injection (ip) of different doses of SBIS could decrease the amplitude of gastric motility, but it wasn't a dose-dependent effect. SBIS also had no effect on the frequency of contraction. (2) The ip injection of naloxone reversed the inhibitory effect of SBIS on the amplitude of gastric contraction. (3) The effect of SBIS could be increased by the ip injection of propranolol and be reversed by the ip injection of phentolamine. (4) After the ip injection of atropine, the effect of SBIS on gastric motility had not been changed remarkably. (5) Different doses of SBIS had been microinjected (icy), but only the small dose decreased the amplitude of gastric motility and also the frequency of contraction had not been markedly changed.

CONCLUSIONBoth the i.p. and icv injection of SBIS can inhibit the gastric motility. Its effect can be achieved at least not only by endogenous opioid peptide and its receptors, but also adrenergic neuron and its alpha-receptors. Adrenergic neuron and its beta-receptors are also involved in the modulating effect of SBIS.

Objective To construct a RhoA-siRNA expression vector and determine its role on the malig-nant behavior of HepG2 cells.Methods A RhoA-siRNA DNA fragment was synthesized and cloned into the expression vector of pGenesil-1.The constructed Rhon-siRNA DNA plasmid was stably transfected into HerG2 cells by lipofectamine,and then HepG2 cells were divided into the HepG2/RhoA-siRNA group (HepG2 cells were transfected with pGenesil-1-RhoA-siRNA),HepG2/control group(HepG2 cells were transfected with control plasmid) and HepG2 group (without plasmid transfection).The inbibitory effect of RhoA-siRNA on RhoA protein expression was shown by Western blot.The proliferation,migration,growth potentiality and cell cycle of transfected HepG2 cells were evaluated by MTT assay,wounded healing,the plate cloning formation test and flow cytometry,respectively.All data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square test.Results The expression of RhoA protein in the HepG2/RhoA-siRNA group was,significantly decreased compared with that in the other two groups (F=178.19,P<0.05).Scratched cells were healed within 48 hours in the HepG2/control group and HepG2 group,but not in the HepG2/RhoA-siRNA group.The clone formation rates in the HepG2/RhoA-siRNA group,HepG2 group and HepG2/control group were 39%±3%,67%±5%and 70%±6%,respectively,with a significant difference among the three groups(χ2=33.34,38.69,P<0.05).Flow cytometry showed that the number of cells transfected with RhoA-siRNA was highest in the G0/G1 phase and lowest in the S phase(F=70.46,76.57.P<0.05).Conclusion The RhoA-siRNA expression vector can effectively suppress the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells,which may provide a novel gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Epithelial architecture is formed in tissues and organs when groups of epithelial cells are organized into polarized structures.The epithelial function as well as signaling across the epithelial layer is organized by polarity proteins.Epithelial polarity complexes form and regulate epithelial integrity.Polarity proteins establish and maintain cell polarity,regulate tight junctions and adherens junctions.Polarity proteins act as neoplasms suppressors in mammals and interact with oncogenes,disrupt cell polarity,induce tumorigenesis.Therefore,polarity mechanisms of epithelial cell could therapeutic targets for clinical therapy.

Immunological rejection is the major barrier to successful transplantation.The immune response to an allograft is an ongoing dialogue between the innate and adaptive immune system that will lead to the rejection of allograft.Activation of elements of the innate immune system,triggered as a consequence of tissue injury sustained during cell isolation or organ retrieval and ischemia reperfusion,will initiate and amplify the adaptive response.Identifying the molecular pathways that trigger tissue injury,signal transduction and rejection facilitates the identification of targets for the development of immunosuppressants.

A retrospective study of endocrine dysfunction in 65 patients with Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) was conducted. Before surgical operation, most patients with RCC had various degrees of pituitary dysfunction.Impaired gonadotropin secretion and prolactinemia were the prevalent abnormalities. Erectile dysfunction or diminished libido in male and menstrual disorder or galactorrhea in female were frequently seen. The panhypopituitarism appeared in a few patients with RCC. The patients would benefit by surgical removal, however,attention should be paid to avoid new damage of the pituitary gland during operation.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the treatment outcomes and failure patterns in patients with head?and?neck cancer of unknown primary head?and?neck cancer of unknown primary, and to compare the efficacy between elective mucosal irradiation and ipsilateral neck treatment. Methods The clinical data of patients with head?and?neck cancer of unknown primary who were admitted from January 2007 to December 2013 were retrospectively collected. Thirty?one patients received elective pharyngeal mucosal irradiation and 61 patients only received ipsilateral neck treatment. The SPSS 19. 0 software was used for comparison of the survival and local control between the two groups. Results In the 92 patients, the median age was 57 years;79. 3% had metastasis to level Ⅱ lymph nodes;the median follow?up time was 36. 5 months;the 3?year overall survival, mucosal control, and neck control rates were 89. 0%, 86. 6%, and 82. 4%, respectively. Primary sites were found in 15 patients, containing nasopharynx in 4 patients, oropharynx in 3 patients, oral cavity in 3 patients, throat and hypopharyngeal part in 3 patients, maxillary sinus in 1 patient, and esophagus in 1 patient. The patients undergoing elective pharyngeal mucosal irradiation had significantly higher 3?year mucosal control and neck control rates than those undergoing ipsilateral neck treatment ( 100% vs. 74. 9%, P= 0. 040;87. 5% vs. 62. 2%, P= 0. 037 ) . There was no difference in the 3?year overall survival rate between the two groups ( 83. 5% vs. 88. 7%, P= 0. 910 ) . Conclusions For patients with head?and?neck cancer of unknown primary, elective pharyngeal mucosal irradiation can reduce the incidence of primary site and increase the neck control rate. A new standard for target volume delineation should be established as soon as possible for elective prophylactic pharyngeal mucosal irradiation.