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This paper made some reflections on the development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) nephrology in recent years. It analyzed the strategic position and importance of social development in the field of prevention and treatment of diseases by TCM. Problems and puzzles on this subject had been summarized and countermeasures had been put forward. Preliminary conceptions on development strategies, goals and direction of TCM nephrology had been made.

Hepatic fibrosis is a pathological process in which excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, occurs due to an imbalance between the production and degradation of matrix. Fibrosis is the hallmark of most chronic liver diseases. It is also the major factor of the development of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Therefore, in light of the regulative factors on different levels and mechanism of fiber synthesis and degradation, antifibrotic medicine can inhibit the synthesis of matrix or increase its degradation on different links. The present situation concerning the study of the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine and natural medicine on hepatic fibrosis is reviewed.

Liver fibrosis can be classified as a wound-healing response to a variety of chronic stimuli,and is characterized by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix(ECM)proteins.Hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)are presently regarded as one of the key cell types involved in the progression of liver fibrosis.Following a fibrogenic stimulus,HSC changes from a quiescent to an activated,collagen-producing cell.Each cellular response to extracelluar stimuli must be framed in a scenario.Along these lines,the identification and characterization of intracellular signaling pathways activated by different stimuli in HSCs represent a mandatory step.Drug targets which aim at the extra-cellular signals or intra-cellular cascades are required for ameliorating liver fibrosis.

Based on the "Grayscales average distribution" method which equally distributes the input gray levels to output gray levels, three improved methods named: "Reduce the gray range expressed by the less significant subfields", "Low levels preset" and "Modify the exponent of inverse-gamma function" are proposed in this paper. Using these methods, the inverse-gamma relation subfields code can be obtained easily which can improve the low level expressions of AC-PDP. And a program, "gray scales distribution validate program", which can enhance the expressions of the demanded gray levels range, is also proposed in this paper.

Objective: To explore the relationship between CDR1 and CDR2 expression and fluconazole-resistance in clinical Candida albicans strains, so as to explore the mechanism of drug-resistance in Candida albicans. Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clinical Candida albicans strains to fluconazole were determined by broth microdilution method. The total RNA of fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains were extracted, and the expression of the CDR1 and CDR2 genes was examined by real-time RT-PCR. The efflux of Rhodamine 6G was determined in the strains highly expressing CDR1 and CDR2 genes. Results: The incidences of CDR1 and (or) CDR2 overexpression in fluconazole-resistant strains were significantly higher than those in the fluconazole-sensitive stains. The efflux of Rhodamine 6G was significantly increased in the fluconazole-resistant strains when glucose was added, and overexpression of CDR1 and CDR2 were observed in theses strains. Some resistant strains showed no overexpression of CDR1 and CDR2. Conclusion: Fluconazole-resistance in clinical Candida albicans strains is related to the overexpression of ABC transporter proteins. Overexpression of ABC transporters can increase the efflux of drugs and therefore lead to drug-resistance. Other mechanisms may also participate in the development of drug resistance in the clinical Candida albicans strains.

Objective Under the method of a Meta-analysis, evaluate the early and long-term curative effect after coronary artery bypass grafting with the comparison of benefit and safety between dual anti-platelet therapy and aspirin therapy alone.Methods Medline, Embase, ScienceDirect and Cochrane Library were searched to identify randomized controlled trials concerning the comparison of benefit and safety between dual anti-platelet therapy and aspirin therapy alone, with extraction effect sizes including mortality, bleeding events, myocardial ischemia and graft occlusion.Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Jadal scales were used to evaluate the quality of observational case-control studies and randomized controlled studies.Statistical analysis was performed using Meta R.15.2 software package.Results 15 literatures were enrolled for Meta-analyses, including 8randomized controlled studies, 3 prospective observational studies and 4 retrospective observational studies.Among a total of 31 365patiens, 8 642 patients were received combination therapy of aspirin and clopidogrel after CABG, and 22 723 patients were received combination therapy of aspirin and placebo or aspirin therapy alone.The Meta-analysis results, with comparison of the early postoperative curative effect in 13 literatures, showed that, relative to aspirin therapy alone, dual anti-platelet therapy could reduce the risk of graft occlusion(OR =0.53,95％ CI: 0.37-0.76, P =0.001), reduce the risk of myocardial ischemia (OR =0.84, 95 ％ CI: 0.71-0.99, P =0.038) , reduce the risk of mortality after CABG (OR =0.47,95 ％ CI: 0.36-0.61, P ＜0.001), simultaneously not increase the risk of bleeding events.The Meta-analysis results, with comparison of the long-term postoperative curative effect in 2 literatures, showed that the significant difference could not be found between two method of therapy about affecting the risk of graft occlusion (OR =0.40, 95 ％ CI: 0.02-6.90, P =0.523) , myocardial ischemia(OR =0.49, 95％ CI: 0.04-6.10, P =0.597), and mortality (OR =0.55, 95 ％ CI: 0.13-2.80, P =0.420).Conclusion Relative to aspirin therapy alone, dual anti-platelet therapy has better efficacy and safety in early postoperative term.However better long-term curative effect of dual anti-platelet therapy are not be confirmed, and more long-term follow-up studies are necessary to provide evidence based medicine.

As one of exploratory data analysis method, the clustering analysis can provide technical support for objectivity and standardization ofTCM. This paper dealt with the application of the clustering analysis in the research of Chinese medcine, TCM pattern differentiation and the regularity of TCM herbal formulae. The clustering analysis showed great value on classifying imformation and finding out regularity from data, only if the characteristics of TCM data were considered.

Objective:To detect changes in mitochondrial membrane potential after sperm mother cell damage induced by bisphenol A by laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM) and underline its potential action mechanism.Methods: The cultured spermatogenic cells were divided into 3 groups, respectively. Then 0, 10μmol/L, 100μmol/L of Bisphenol A(BPA) were added into the culture, after 3 hours culture, fluorescence probe JC-1 was used to lable the three groups. The fluorescence intensity of JC-1 in mitochondrial was then detected by LSCM. LSCM software was used to analyze the fluorescence intensity. Change of the mitochondrial membrane potential was represented by the change of fluorescence colors (relative proportion of red and green fluorescence is commonly used to measure mitochondrial depolarization ratio). Results:The ratio between the red and green fluorescence in the control group, low dose group and high dose group had significant difference. Intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential of Bisphenol A treatment group was lower than that of the control group, while mitochondrial membrane potential of high dose group was lower than that of the low dose group. Conclusion: Bisphenol A could damage spermatocytes, and as the dose increased, the more serious the injury. The method could real-time monitor with high sensitivity the change of intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential.