Blood Chemical Analysis ; Humans ; Water Sports ; physiology

The study is aimed to explore the effect of soil moisture content on ginsenoside biosynthesis and explain its mechanism from the perspectives of antioxidant enzyme system and gene expression of key enzymes in the pathway of ginsenoside synthesis. In the study,two years old Panax ginseng was used as the experimental material and three moisture gradient,40% of saturated water content( W1),60%( W2),80%( W3) were set up. The content of 11 monomeric saponins were determined by HPLC. With GAPDH as a reference gene,six key enzymes( HMGR,SS,β-AS,CYP716 A47,CYP716 A52 v2,CYP716 A53 v2) in ginseng saponin synthesis pathway expression were analyzed by fluorescent quantitative PCR and the activities of superoxide dismutase( SOD),peroxidase( POD),catalase( CAT) activity and MDA content were also determined. With the increase of soil water,the content of ginseng saponin and biomass showed an increasing trend. PPD( Rb1,Rc,Rb2,Rd,Rh2,Rb3,Rg3),PPT( Rg1,Re,Rf) ginsenoside,Ro and total ginsenoside reached the maximum value on August 30,were 9.92,5.48,0.63 mg·g-1,respectively. During the whole regulation period,the antioxidant activity of W3 was greater than that of W1,and the MDA content was less than that of W1. At W3,expression levels of β-AS,CYP716 A47 and CYP716 A53 v2 showed an increasing trend,while HMGR and SS genes showed relatively stable expression levels under various water conditions. According to the correlation analysis,HMGR and SS genes in the W3 treatment group were significantly positively correlated with PPD,PPT ginsenoside and Ro,CYP716 A52 v2 gene was significantly positively correlated with Ro,and CYP716 A47 gene was significantly positively correlated with PPD ginsenoside. There was a significant positive correlation between β-AS gene and PPD ginsenoside in W1 and W2 treatment. Therefore,W3 is the optimum moisture content,ginseng total saponins and monomer saponin content is the highest,the gene closely correlation with content of saponins and more conducive to the accumulation of ginsenosides.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Ginsenosides ; biosynthesis ; Panax ; physiology ; Water ; physiology

Animals ; Erythrocytes ; physiology ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; physiology ; Oxygen ; Water ; chemistry

The function of kidney is maintaining water balance of our body through regulation of urine concentration and dilution. The aquaporins are molecular basis of renal urine production and water transport, and their expression and membrane translocation are regulated delicately. Nuclear receptors are a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors consisting of 48 members in human. They widely participate in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological regulation including growth and development, glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, immunology by regulating target gene transcription and expression. Increasing evidence demonstrates that these receptors are involved in the regulation of aquaporins expression and membrane translocation in kidney, thereby playing a major role in water homeostasis. Here we review the role of nuclear receptors in regulating renal water transport.
Aquaporins ; physiology ; Biological Transport ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Kidney ; physiology ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; physiology ; Water

Qi, blood and the meridians are fundamental concepts in Chinese medicine (CM), which are components of the human body and maintain physiological function. Pathological changes of qi, blood and meridians may lead to discomfort and disease. Treatment with acupuncture or herbal medicine aims to regulate qi and blood so as to recover normal function of the meridians. This paper explores the nature of qi as well as compares and correlates them with the structures of the human body. We propose a conceptualization of qi as being similar to the interstitial fluid, and the meridians as being similar to interstitial space of low hydraulic resistance in the body. Hence, qi running in the meridians can be understood as interstitial fluid flowing via interstitial space of low hydraulic resistance.
Acupuncture Points ; Connective Tissue ; physiology ; Extracellular Fluid ; physiology ; Extracellular Space ; physiology ; Humans ; Meridians ; Qi ; Water

A typical pattern of daily water exchange was determined in 10 medical students during three different seasons: summer, autumn and winter. The daily water intake was averaged to 3,810ml of which 1,256ml was from liquids, 2,055ml from the water contained in food and 500ml from the water of oxidation. On the other hand, the daily water output was 1,844ml by urinary loss, 144ml by fecal loss and 1,819ml by evaporative loss. The above quantitative pattern of daily water exchange in the Korean remained unchanged throughout the year. The daily urinary output of NaCl and urea-nitrogen was in the order of 20gm and 10gm, respectively. Furthermore, the magnitude of daily water intake was well correlated to the daily urinary output of NaCl but little correlated to that of urea-nitrogen. A comparison of these data with the corresponding figures obtained from the occidental indicates that the daily water intake and the daily urinary output of NaCl were significant1y greater in the Korean than those in the occidental. On the basis of these results, the greater water intake in the Korean was attributed to their high salt intake.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; *Diuresis ; Human ; Kidney/*physiology ; Korea ; Male ; *Water ; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Catecholamines ; blood ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Water Sports ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the application of distilled water in sperm-counting and hypoosmotic swelling test.

METHODSThirty-seven semen samples were collected and each was diluted by distilled water and sodium acid carbonate-formaldehyde solution, respectively. Then the hemacytometer was used for sperm counting. Meanwhile, the percentage of swelled sperm diluted by distilled water was compared with the result of hypoosmotic swelling test recommended by WHO. Another 26 semen samples were diluted by distilled water and hypoosmotic swelling solution respectively, and the percentages of the swelled sperm were compared.

RESULTSThere was no significant difference either between the sperm concentrations obtained by distilled water and sodium acid carbonate-formaldehyde solution (P > 0.05) or between the percentages of the swelled sperm diluted by distilled water and hypoosmotic swelling solution.

CONCLUSIONDistilled water can not only replace sodium acid carbonate-formaldehyde solution for sperm-counting dilution but also be used as a hypoosmotic swelling solution.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of water stress on physiological and the growth characters of Prunella vulgaris at the vegetative stage.

METHODThe plants were treated timely and quantitatively by weighting method, and the relevant index were measured under different water stress conditions.

RESULTWith the long time of water stress, the plants of SY2 and SY3 showed the quickest growth rate and the best of growth vigor. The protective enzyme and osmoregulation substance presented the trend of increase firstly and then decrease. Under the same time of water stress, with the increase of extent in treatment, the protective enzyme and osmoregulation substance presented the trend of increase firstly and then decrease, and SY2 and SY3 were the lowest.

CONCLUSIONThe protective enzyme and osmoregulation substance of P. vulgaris have a whole effect. The suitable water range of growth in P. vulgaris is 65%-80%.

Adaptation, Physiological ; physiology ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Physical Examination ; Transition Temperature ; Water