Composting is the transformation of organic waste through decomposition by microbacteria into soil-like material. Organic waste used in composting is from agricultural waste like vegetables from farms, markets, restaurants, hotels, processing plants. There are two techniques of composting: (1) composting of waste pile with air supply system, (2) natural composting with air supplied by tossing the pile. Composting is used widely in other countries to manage waste. Composting not only results in a soil-like material as a good fertilizer but also it reduces a consiferable amount of waste.
Waste Products ; Waste Management ; Soil

A cross-sectional survey on the management of the waste performed in 6 provincial hospital Yen Bai, Phu Tho, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Can Tho, Dong Thap showed that: Total quantity of solid wastes: 0.6-1.27kg/bed/day in which clinical wastes 18.2-18.9%, chemical wast 0.3-0.5%; the collection and classification of solid waste did not followed fully the regulation issued by the MOH, there were 3 standard ovens to burn clinical waste, but only 2 was used. In all 6 hospitals the standard knowledge of treatment of liquid and gaz wastes was not completed fully. The difficulties in the management of hospital wastes are shortage of the staff with necessary hnowledge, lack of equipment and materials, financial deficiency.
Hospitals ; Waste Management ; Waste Products

The results of the interview of 203 staffs in 6 hospitals – 3 hospitals with treatment of wastes (Phu Tho, Quang Ngai, Dong Thap), 3 hospital without treatment of wastes (Yen Bai, Quang Nam, Can Tho) about knowledge on hospital wastes and hospital waste management injury rate caused by sharp wastes among the interviewed staffs show: Medical staffs in both two groups have poor understanding about the impacts of hospital wastes, and hospital waste management (classification, collection, transport and treatment wastes). The injuries rate in the staffs that interviewed is 20.0%, and there is no significant difference beteen two groups.
Hospitals ; Waste Management ; Waste Products ;

A study of intervention solutions for the exhaust from 4 thermo-electrical kilns, from synthetic process of in NH3 and dust due to NPK fertilizer production was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of technological improvement solutions in reducing environment pollution. Results: concentration of dust and toxic fumes was reduced, concentration of the exhaust components eliminated to environment through the chimneys of gases-made kilns reduced significantly after changing technology. NH3, CH4, H2 from producing NH3 decreased clearly, dust from producing NPK reduced 1.63-1.92 times
Environmental Pollution ; Gases ; Waste Products ; Fertilizers

Disinfection ; Escherichia coli ; isolation & purification ; Hospitals ; Medical Waste ; Sewage ; Waste Products ; Water Microbiology

Municipal wastewater is usually problematic for the environment. The process of oleaginous microalgal culture requires large amounts of nutrients and water. Therefore, we studied the feasibility of oleaginous microalgal culture of Scenedesmus dimorphus in bubbled column photobioreactor with municipal wastewater added with different nutrients. S. dimorphus could adapt municipal nutrient-rich wastewater by adding some nutrients as nitrogen, phosphorus, ferric ammonium citrate and trace elements, and the amounts of such nutrients have significant effects on cell growth, biomass yield and lipid accumulation. At optimum compositions of wastewater medium, the algal cell concentration could reach 8.0 g/L, higher than that of 5.0 g/L in standard BG11. Furthermore, S. dimorphus had strong capacity to absorb inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus from its culture water. There was almost no total nitrogen and phosphorus residues in culture medium after three or four days culturing when the adding mounts of nitrate and phosphate in wastewater medium were no more than 185.2 mg/L and 16.1 mg/L respectively under the experimental conditions. As a conclusion, it was feasible to cultivate oleaginous microalgae with municipal nutrient-rich wastewater, not only producing feedstock for algal biodiesel, but also removing inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater.
Biofuels ; Cities ; Culture Techniques ; methods ; Lipids ; biosynthesis ; Microalgae ; metabolism ; Photobioreactors ; Scenedesmus ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; methods ; Waste Products

With the widespread availability of dialysis, the lives of end-stage renal disease patients have been prolonged over the past fifty years. Hemodialysis relies on the diffusion of molecules across a semipermeable membrane along the concentration gradient. In addition to diffusion, movement of waste products from the circulation into the dialysate can occur as a result of convective clearance. Use of high-flux dialyzer has increased the removal of the middle molecules such as beta2-microglobulin. Recently on-line hemodiafiltration which combined the hemodialysis and hemofiltration to increase the convective clearance of the large molecules has been available. About the hemodialysis adequacy, the result of hemodialysis (HEMO) study suggests that increasing the dose to greater than a single-pool Kt/Vurea 1.4 does not improve the survival of the patients. While the technical and scientific improvement in hemodialysis has led to a noticeable improvement in the survival of the dialysis patients, cardiovascular mortality and event rates are extraordinarily high in dialysis population. In addition to hemodialysis treatment, nephrologists taking care of dialysis patients must recognize and treat the diverse complications that can result from the loss of kidney function.
Dialysis ; Diffusion ; Hemodiafiltration ; Hemofiltration ; Humans ; Kidney ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Membranes ; Mortality ; Renal Dialysis* ; Waste Products

With the widespread availability of dialysis, the lives of end-stage renal disease patients have been prolonged over the past fifty years. Hemodialysis relies on the diffusion of molecules across a semipermeable membrane along the concentration gradient. In addition to diffusion, movement of waste products from the circulation into the dialysate can occur as a result of convective clearance. Use of high-flux dialyzer has increased the removal of the middle molecules such as beta2-microglobulin. Recently on-line hemodiafiltration which combined the hemodialysis and hemofiltration to increase the convective clearance of the large molecules has been available. About the hemodialysis adequacy, the result of hemodialysis (HEMO) study suggests that increasing the dose to greater than a single-pool Kt/Vurea 1.4 does not improve the survival of the patients. While the technical and scientific improvement in hemodialysis has led to a noticeable improvement in the survival of the dialysis patients, cardiovascular mortality and event rates are extraordinarily high in dialysis population. In addition to hemodialysis treatment, nephrologists taking care of dialysis patients must recognize and treat the diverse complications that can result from the loss of kidney function.
Dialysis ; Diffusion ; Hemodiafiltration ; Hemofiltration ; Humans ; Kidney ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Membranes ; Mortality ; Renal Dialysis* ; Waste Products

Acute renal failure is the generic term for an abrupt and sustained decrease in renal function resulting in retention of nitrogenous and non nitrogenous waste product. This may results in life threatening consequences including volume overload, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis. Acute renal failure is both common and carries high mortality rate, but as it is often preventable, identification of patients at risk and and appropriate management are crucial. This review summarized the most recent information on definition, epidemiology, clinical causes and management of acute renal failure in pediatric patients.
Acidosis ; Acute Kidney Injury* ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Hyperkalemia ; Mortality ; Nitrogen ; Pediatrics* ; Waste Products

Pigmented extraadrenal paraganglioma is an unusual neoplasm that has rarely been reported in the literature. Based on histochemical staining or electron microscopy, pigment has been classified as lipofuscin, neuromelanin or true melanin. We report a case of pigmented extraadrenal paraganglioma in the posterior mediastinum of a 70-year-old woman. Histologically, the tumor had a characteristic organoid architecture of "zellballen" pattern with rich delicate microvasculature. Tumor cells contained numerous coarse brown-black pigment granules. Ultrastructurally, the tumor showed abundant large electron-dense pigment granules that vary in size and shape and smaller membrane-bound neurosecretory granules. The larger granules were consistent with neuromelanin or lipofuscin. Histochemically, the pigment is most likely neuromelanin, which is a waste product of catecholamine metabolism.
Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Lipofuscin ; Mediastinum ; Melanins ; Metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microvessels ; Organoids ; Paraganglioma* ; Waste Products