Objective: To study the relationship between monocyte/macrophage(MC/MP) accumulation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.Methods: The renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis model in Wistar rats was established by unilateral renal vein ligature. The rats were fed for 25 days. The kidneys were obtained every 5 days by killing the rats. The morphological changes of tubulointerstitial fibrosis were observed by light microscopy with HE,PAS, PASM and Masson staining. Immunohistochemistry and double immunohistochemistry were used to observe MC/MP accumulation and proliferation. In situ hybridization and immunochemistry were used to observe MCP 1 and M CSF expression in experimental renal tissue. The MCP 1 protein expression was inspected by Western blot. All the data were analyzed statistically.Results: The pathological changes of tubulointerstitial fibrosis were typical. There were many MC/MPs accumul sated in the interstitial space at the early stage and some of them were PCNA positive. At the late stage both accumulation and proliferation of MC/MPs were decreased. The portion of monocyte proliferation was high correlated with the MC/MP accumulation. In situ hybridization showed the positive signals of MCP 1 and M CSF were mainly located in the cytoplasm of degenerated tubular epithelium and they were strong at the early stage, weak at the late stage. MCP 1 by immunochemistry and Western blot were consistent with in situ hybridization. The MC/MP accumulation was high correlated with the expression of MCP 1 and tubular epithelium degeneration. The portion of monocyte proliferation was high correlated with the expression of M CSF.Conclusion:There was obvious accumulation of MC/MP at the early stage of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The accumulation came from infiltration and proliferation which were regulated by degenerated tubular epithelial cells producing MCP 1 and M CSF. MC/MP accumulation was highly correlated with tubular degeneration. MC/MP promoted tubulointerstitial fibrosis and damaged tubular epithelium by secreting a variety of cytokines.

Objective: To detect the localization of HBV DNA in kidneys of HBV-associated glomerulonephritis, and investigate the pathogenesis of HBV-associated glomerulonephritis. Methods: 45 cases of renal biopsy specimens (38 cases had glomerular deposition of HBV antigens, 7 cases were negative for serologic and histologic HBV antigens) were examined for HBV DNA by in situ hybridization (ISH) and in situ PCR (IS-PCR). Results: The positive rate of HBV DNA in renal biopsy was 71% (27/38) in patients with glomerular deposition of HBV antigens. HBV DNA was found in 19 cases (19/26, 73%) of HBV-associated glomerulonephritis; and in 8 cases (8/12, 67%) of IgA nephropathy and lupus nephritis with glomerular deposition of HBV antigens. HBV DNA was detected mainly in the cytoplasm of tubular epithelia with ISH; IS-PCR showed that HBV DNA was localized not only in cytoplasm of tubular epithelia, but also in nuclei of tubular epithelia, in nuclei and cytoplasm of glomerular epithelia and mesangial cells, and in GBM. Conclusion: Our study suggested the presence of HBV infection and replication in glomerular cells and renal tubular epithelia, indicating an etiologic role of HBV in HBV-associated glomerulonephritis.

Objective To investigate the role of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on the diagnosis of cryoglobulinemia related glomerulonephritis. Methods Sixteen cases which showed glomerular organized deposits by TEM in the renal biopsy specimens were collected in our hospital during last six years. Their clinical data, renal pathological features and ultrastructural morphology were analysed. Results Four cases had positive serum cryoglobulin were diagnosed as cryoglobulinemia related glomerulonephritis. Serum cryoglobulin was not available in the other 12 cases, who were suspected as cryoglobulinemia related glomerulonephritis. All patients had proteinuria with microscopic hematuria,and some cases had nephrotic syndrome, hypertension and mild to moderate renal insufficency. The main pathological pattern was membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.Endocapillary proliferation with an infiltration of monocytes was observed in these cases. Glomerular subendothelial deposits and intraluminal thrombi was their prominent features. Organized electron-dense deposits were identified by TEM, whose deposits organized into microtubular, fibrillary, crystalline-like and granular structures, and were demonstrated mainly in glomerular subendothelia and capillary lumen. Most of cases were considered as cryoglobulinemia related glomerulonephritis by the ultrastructural findings of glomerular organized deposits. Conclusion Glomerular organized deposits identified by TEM provide important diagnostic implications for cryoglobulinemia related glomerulonephritis.

To report a Chinese female adult suffering with lipoprotein glomerulopathy. Methods Light , electron microscopy and immunofluorescence were performed with renal tissue from biopsy. Results Mass proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome were seen as clinical features in this patient. Obvious expansion of glomerular capillary cavities, full of positive sudan 3 lipoprotein thrombi, was observed. Electron microscopy demonstrated cavities were full of various foaming lipid deposition in cluster and layer arrangement. Repeat renal biopsy after two months found expansive cavities decreased remarkably and lipoprotein thrombi were replaced by mesangial proliferation and sectional sclerosis gradually. Conclusion This case is diagnosed by pathology.

To investigate the location of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in renal tissues of patients with interstitial nephritis(IN). Methods By in situ hybridization. EBER1 was detected in renal tissues of 12 IN patients and 10 patients with minimal change nephropathy (MCN) as control group. Results EBER1 was found positive in 3 renal tissues of IN patients. It mainly distributed in the nuclei of renal tubular cells, infiltration cells and glomerular cells and 10 MCN patients were all negative. Conclusion EBV infection may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IN. In different types of IN, EBV infection may play different role.

To explore the relationship between eosinophilic hyperplasia lymphogranuloma (ELG) and nephrotic syndrome (NS). Methods 3 cases of ELG associated with NS were collected. The specimen of ELG and renal biopsy were confinned by pathological method, and clinical characteristic, therapeutic course and follow up were summarized. Results Two cases were ELG associated with minimal changes disease (MCD), another was early membranous nephropathy (MN) . ELG and NS were cured by prednisone therapy. Conclusion About 12% of ELG may be associated NS. The pathogenesis of ELG, MCD and MN are similar, and curative effect occured by same therapy. Suggesting that, they are identical allergic disease caused by one pathogeny.

China ; Humans ; Kidney ; pathology

Objective To investigate the elinicopathoiogical features of Castleman disease with kidney injury. Methods Clinicopathological data of 10 Castleman disease patients with kidney injury from Peking University First Hospital and China-Japan Friendship Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. All the cases received biopsies of lymph node and kidney. Their renal tissues were examined by light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Results Ten patients were all male with mean age (493:14) years. They presented edema and proteinuria, with mean urinary protein at (2.79±3.56) g/24 h, including one nephrotie syndrome (NS). Hematuria occurred in 8 cases, acute renal insufficiency in 6 cases, hypertension in 4 cases. Most of the patients had fever, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, increased ESR and CRP, hypergammaglobulinaemia and decreased complements. Other abnormalities included anemia, thrombocytopenia, pleural effusion, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, hypothyroidism, etc. Two cases demonstrated POEMS syndrome, one presented Sjogren syndrome. The enlargement of multiple cervical, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes were identified in all the patients. The pathological patterns of lymph node were plasma cell type in 4 cases, hyaline-vascular type in 3 cases, and mixed type in 3 cases. Pathological examination of renal biopsy showed thrombotic microangiopathy in 5 cases, crescentic glomerulonephritis in 2 cases, renal amyloidosis, minimal change disease and chronic tubular interstitial nephropathy in 1 case respectively. After immunosupressive reagents or COP therapy, lymph nodes became smaller, systemic symptoms were alleviated, proteinuira was decreased or disappeared, and renal function was recovered in most of patients. Conclusions Castleman disease with kidney injury manifests various symptoms with high prevalence of renal insufficiency and multiple systemic damage. Renal lesions present many patterns of pathological change with a higher frequency of thrombotic microangiopathy. It is necessary to examine the lymph nodes by ultrasound, radiology or biopsy for the patients of renal diseases with multiple systemic symptoms.

Objective To explore the feasibility of immunofluorescent staining (IF) in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded kidney tissue. Methods The formalin- fixed and paraffin-embedded renal biopsy specimens of 10 patients with membranous nephropalhy, 25 IgA nephropathy and 10 lupus nephritis were selected for this study. First, the best working conditions including the deparaffinized duration with dimethylbenzene, the antigen restoring methods with enzyme or microwave, and the optima] concentrations of FITC-conjugated antibodies were investigated. Then, the direct IF was performed on the deparaffinized and antigen-restored sections (DARS) and compared to the direct IF on snap-frozen sections (SFS). Results In this study,the best deparaffinized duration with dimethylbenzene was 30 min, and the best antigen restoring method was incubation with pepsin (0.4%,pH2) for 10 min. The FITC-conjugated antibodies should be diluted to show the strongest specific fluorescence with weakest background of nonspecific fluorescence. The coincident rate of immunopathological diagnosis was 100% between the IF on the DARS and the SFS. In addition, the IF on DARS had the following benefits: easiness to judge results because of its better preserved tissue structure and clearer IF appearance; a longer IF fading time which will be propitious to observe IF results and take photographs. Conclusions The IF on DARS should become a complementary method of IF on SFS. Because the bother with long-distance transport of frozen tissue is avoided, it will be very convenient for the local hospitals to send the renal biopsy tissue to the big nephrology centers for IF examination, which has a greatly realistic significance in the current China.

Objective To observe the phenotypic changes between renal tubular epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells in rat tubulointerstitial fibrosis(TIF) .Methods The renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis models of Wistar rats were established by gavage with excessive adenine. The morphological changes of model kidney were observed by light microscopy, electron microscopy, polarizing microscopy. The?-smooth muscle actin(a-SMA), vimentin, and keratin were examined by immunohistochemistry staining. While the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was also assessed. Results There were many 2, 8-dioxyadenine crystals derived from the metabolite of adenine to deposit in the renal tubules, which induced the injury. Tubular epithelial cells degeneration and regeneration, loss of renal tubules, mononuclear cells infiltration in renal interstitium and the accumulation of extracellular matrix protein were observed. Both ?-SMA and vimentin were positive in some of renal tubules. And consecutive sections of immunohistochemical staining showed that the area of distribution of a-SMA positive cells was almost the same area as that of vimentin positive cells. Polarizing microscopy results showed that there was a mass of interstitial collagen ( Ⅲ and Ⅰ) accumulation. And electron microscopy examination proved that epithelial cells invaded into the renal interstitium. Conclusion There is tubular epithelial cells-myofibroblasts transdifferentiation in the process of TIF, and which plays a key role in the accumulation of extracellular matrix.