Objective To investigate the relationship between bladder cancer and ultraviolet ir-radiation for providing ecological information on cancer prevention and control. Methods The cancer death data were retrieved from second cancer death survey, 1990-1992, China. The estimated daily cloud-adjusted ambient solar UVB irradiance at 305 nanometers (mW/m2), was obtained from NASA database the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) using ArcGIS 9.1 software to measure the county level average daily irradiance over the whole year. Negitive binomial regression modeling by SAS statistics software was adopted for analysis. Results Mortality of bladder cancer was negitively related with UVB irradiation in both sexes and in different sexes and locations. Adjusted mortality fell by 0. 56% per unit of UVB (rate ratio 0. 9944, 95%CI 0.9911-0.9977, P=0.0013). This down-trend was stronger for female (0.66% per unit of UVB) than for male (0.51%) and stronger in rural areas (0.58%) than in urban areas (0.55%). Conclusions Sunshine irradiation might reduce the mortality of bladder cancer probably by increasing the concentration of vitamin D in the body. Further study would be necessary to explain the reaction mechanisam.

Objective:Based on cancer registry data, the present work aimed to analyze breast cancer survival and epidemiology in China. Methods:The cancer data was retrieved from the National Central Cancer Registry Database. The new diagnosis situation and the number of deaths due to breast cancers were estimated. The time trend and survival for breast cancer were also analyzed. Results:About 249,000 new cases, with a 37.86/100,000 crude incidence rate, of female breast cancer were diagnosed in China in 2011. The crude incidence rate increased over the past ten years, and the trend for age-standardized rate increased gradually. Approximately 60,000 deaths were caused by breast cancer in China in 2011, with a crude mortality rate of 9.21/100,000. The crude mortality for females with breast cancer in China increased over the past several decades;however, after regulation of age-standardized rate, this increasing trend declined. The combined 5 year age-standardized relative survival rate was 73.0%(95%CI:71.2%to 74.9%), and the 1, 3, and 5 year observed survival rates were 90.5%, 80.0%, and 72.7%, respectively. Conclusion:Breast cancer is a major cancer that threatens the people in China. Therefore, the burden of breast cancer is still heavy. The task of cancer treatment remains severe and serious.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in China and around the world. Population-based survival analysis can reflect the overall level of cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in countries or regions, providing basic information for making efficient health policies. Breast cancer survival varies among countries or regions because of differences among races, so-cioeconomic factors, healthcare services, and cancer diagnosis and treatment. Breast cancer prognosis is closely related to tumor stage, status of receptors, and treatments. By determining the relationship between breast cancer survival and related factors, the re-sults can help in predicting the prognosis and evaluating the quality of care services. The article provides an overview of breast cancer survival in China and abroad, as well as references for cancer surveillance.

In order to analyze the difference and the significance of the 5-year and 3-year Ophthalmology and Optometry education,we compare the 5-year and 3year teaching.The result indicates that there are different emphases and characteristics between the 5-year and 3-year teaching,especially in bringing up the students with practice skills.It also offers the reference to the teaching of different levels.

Objective To explore the mechanism of Cryptococcus neoformans mutant in CNLAC1and investigate the difference of CNLAC1between wild type(Mel+ )and the mutant (Mel- ).Methods The ab-normal PCR DNA product of Cryptococcus neoformans was cloned into sequencing vector PG EM-T for se-quencing.An expression vector was c onstructed for efficient expressio n in E.coli DH 5? .The gene was sequenced.Results The cloned DNA sequence was found to b e different between wild type(Mel+)and the mutant (Mel-)(between 1715bp and 2617bp).The differences were not only in len gth,but also in base sequence.Con-clusion The mechanism of the mutant in CNLAC1might be a change of sequence(between 1715bp and 2617bp),and not a DNA deletion.This finding might provide us a target gene for the prognosis and treatment of cryptococcosis.

Objective To predict the disease burden of kidney cancer and to provide basic information for etiology and control planning.Methods We retrieved incidence data of kidney cancer from 18 urban cancer registries from National Central Cancer Registry during ten years period from 1998 to 2007.Ageperiod-cohort Bayesian model was applied for modeling to predict kidney cancer incidence in urban China in 2008-2015.Results Between 1998 and 2007,the incidence of kidney cancer in urban registration areas kept increasing dramatically.Incidence for male raised from 3.12/100 000 in 1998 to 5.36/100 000 in 2007 and from 1.66/100 000 to 2.67/100 000 for female.Different models showed that the increase was mainly caused by a cohort effect (P ＜ 0.001).The predicted incidence rate of kidney cancer for the year 2015 is 9.93 per 100 000 in male and 4.54 per 100 000 in female.The number of new cases will rise to 52 259 in 2015,including 36 616 men and 15 643 women.Conclusions The burden of kidney cancer in urban areas would increase due to the effect of age and cohort.Kidney cancer will become one of the main cancers threatening people's health in urban areas in China.Etiology research and planning of prevention and control for kidney cancer should be enhanced.

Objective:Population-based cancer registration data were used to analyze stomach cancer epidemiology in China. Meth-ods:Stomach cancer data were retrieved from the National Central Cancer Registry Database, and incident and death cases were esti-mated. The trend of stomach cancer was analyzed. Results:Approximately 424,000 new cancer cases and 298,000 cancer deaths oc-curred in China in 2012. The incidence and mortality rates of stomach cancer in urban males and females remained stable in 2000-2012, whereas the rates in rural males increased and less changes were observed in rural females. After age standardization, both inci-dence and mortality rates significantly decreased. The five-year age-standardized relative survival rate was 27.4% (95%CI: 26.7%-18.1%) in 2003-2005. Conclusion:Stomach cancer is a common cancer, which has heavy burden in China, particularly in rural areas. Ef-forts should be exerted for the prevention and control of the disease.

Objective To investigate the epidemic characteristics of prostate cancer in China. Methods The population-based cancer registration data between year 1988 and 2002 were collected from 30 cancer registries in China. The data from 11 registries with continuous record were analyzed using the software Joinpoint Regression Program 3.3.1, and the incidence of bladder cancer among 3 different periods (1988-1992, 1993-1997 and 1998-2002) were compared. Results The inci-dence of prostate cancer was 1.96, 3.09, 4. 36 per 100 000 during 1998-1992, 1993-1997 and 1998-2002, respectively. The up-trend of prostate cancer incidence was statistically significant, how-ever it is still lower in China compared with other parts of the world from 1993 to 1997. Conclusions The incidence of prostate cancer in China showed a significant upward trend year by year, and prostate cancer might be one of major cancer in China. We should pay attention to it.

Objective To investigate the epidemic characteristics of bladder cancer in China.Methods The population-based cancer registration data from 1988 to 2002 were collected from 30 cancer registries in China.The data from 11 registries with continuous record were analyzed using the software Joinpoint Regression Program 3.3.1,and the incidence of bladder cancer among 3 different periods(1988-1992,1993-1997 and 1998-2002)were compared. Results The incidence of bladder cancer was 8.22,9.45 and 9.68 per 100,000 during 1988-1992,1993-1997 and 1998-2002,respectively.The up-trend of bladder cancer incidence was statistically significant,however it was still lower in China compared with other parts of the world from 1993 to 1997. Conclusions Bladder cancer is the most common cancer in malignant neoplasm of male genitalurinary system in China.The incidence of bladder cancer in China showed an upward trend in the past 15 years and more attention is needed.

Objective To investigate the epidemic characteristics of malignant neoplasm of kidney and other urological malignancies in China. Methods The population-based cancer registration data between 1988 and 2002 were collected from 30 cancer registries in China.The data from 11 registries with continuous record were analyzed using the software Joinpoint Regression Program 3.3.1.The incidences of kidney cancer among 3 different periods(1988-1992,1993-1997 and 1998-2002)were compared. Results The incidence of renal cancer and other urological malignancies was 4.26 ,5.40,6.63 per 100 000 population during 1988-1992,1993-1997 and 1998-2002,respectively.The up-trend of kidney cancer incidence was statistically significant;however it was still lower in China than other parts of the world from 1993 to 1997. Conclusion The incidence of kidney cancer in China showed an upward trend in the past 15 years and more attention is needed.