Microbial genome reduction and modification are important strategies for constructing cellular chassis used for synthetic biology. This article summarized the essential genes and the methods to identify them in microorganisms, compared various strategies for microbial genome reduction, and analyzed the characteristics of some microorganisms with the minimized genome. This review shows the important role of genome reduction in constructing cellular chassis.
Genes, Essential ; genetics ; Genetic Engineering ; Genome, Microbial ; genetics ; Synthetic Biology ; methods

Objective To summarize the anesthesia techniques performed in the selective posterior rhizotomy(SPR) at lumbar and sacral regions（ L＆ R） on juvenile cerebral palsy(CP) patients. Method 144 CP patients below 10 years were successfully erformed SPR at L＆ R under combined intravenous and inhalation anesthesia (CIIA) in prone position with threshold values of each nerve root being measured by means of nerve root electric stimulus (NRES). Result All patients were performed SPR and NRES successfully although blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly while NRES. Conclusion CIIA is safe and effective for juvenile CP patients to be performed SPR at L＆ R.

In order to evaluate the diagnostic value of determing the serum strotium levelfor the drowning diagnosis,we carried out this study.The results of our expe-rirnental study are summarized as follows:(1).The blood Sr level determinationcould be used as a confirmatory test of drowning merely at the early stage(wi-thin 5 min)of drowning;(2).It could give some help for diagnosing the case ofdrowning submerged in water within 24 hours.It was showed that the durationof submersion has influence upon the postmortem blood Sr level.The blood Srlevel was measured in two submerged cases in medico-legal practice.One died ofdrowning and the another was postmortem sbmersion after electrocusion.It is inter-esting that the results of blood Sr determination of human being were more acc-urate than experimental animals.Therefore,we consider that the further studyabout this project is required.

With regard to the nature of meridians, the authors have presented the hypothesis of dual reflex in 1977. This means that acupunture can invoke some effects not only through CNS (long reflex), but through the connection of peripheral nerve terminals to transmit messages (short reflex). In this experiment, rats were anaesthetized by rethane. The superficial peroneal nerve (SPN) and the deep peroneal nerve (DPN) were found out and cut off in order to break off their connection to CNS. With electrical stimulation of SPN, the action potential (AP) on the DPN was recorded at the same time. AP was induced only in a few cases (5.7%). But, after electroacupuncture was reapplied to Zusanli (ST-39) point for 30 rain, we stimulated SPN with electricity. This showed that APs were recorded on DPN in 17 among 27 rats (58.6%). Since some tissues around Zusanli point involve both SPN and DPN, the results suggest that messages are transmitted between nerve terminals under certain condition and that impluses on a nerve stem may stimulate another nerve terminal. This might be the essence of propagated sensation along the channels.

Objective:To provide the recommendations for the improvement of drug regulators training system. Methods:The for-eign drug regulator training mode was summarized, the domestic current training mode was analyzed, and some proposals were put for-ward. Results and Conclusion:Compared with more mature foreign training mode, the drug regulator training system in our country was fragmented. We should learn from the foreign experience, and combine with our conditions to improve the drug regulator training system through establishing incentive system, improving the network training and enriching the training mode and so on.

The Chinese character of "phlegm" went though a process of evolution from "涕"、"沫"、"汁"、"饮"、"涎",to "淡",and finally "痰".Studies show that there is no"痰" in Inner Canon of Huangdi,but "淡"、"惔"、"澹" which are not related with phlegm;while mucus coughed up from the body is referred to as "涕"、"沫"、"汁"、"涎",and fluid retention as "饮"、"沫"、"汁".During Han and Jin Dynasty,it was called "涕"、"涎沫"、"淡饮".The character "痰" first appeared in Sui Dynasty and was separated from "饮".Since Tang Dynasty,the definition of phlegm has been established as the mucus excreted from the body or accumulated within the body,diseases and syndrome manifestations caused by fluid retention and the mode of thinking on complicated diseases and syndrome manifestations.

Object To study the effect of l stepholidine (l SPD) on ? adrenoceptors Methods The affinity of l SPD to ? adrenoceptors was investigated by radioligand binding assay by means of competitive [ 3H] labelled Dihydro Aprenolol ([ 3H] DHA) specific binding The antagonism of l SPD on ? adrenoceptors was tested on pig coronary artery rings in vitro. Results [ 3H] DHA binding assay showed that l SPD specifically displayed binding affinity to ? adrenoceptors The Ki value was (5 75?0 56) ?mol/L; the logarithmic cumulative concentration response curves (LCCRC) of l[WT5,5”BZ] SPD for NA on the pig coronary artery rings showed that the position of curves shifted to the right and the crest depressed The values of pA 2 an pD′ 2 were 7 21?0 78 and 5 32?0 13 respectively As a control, propranolol (Pro) could shift the curves parallelly to the right and the pA 2 value of Pro was 9 19?0 17 Conclusion The results suggested that l SPD is a ? adrenoceptor antagonist and has affinities to more than one kind of receptor

BACKGROUND:Because of the deficiency of researches on connective tissue growth factor associated with orthopedic diseases, very little attention has been paid to the studies on connective tissue growth factor in the intervertebral disc.
OBJECTIVE:Through exploring the role and mechanism of connective tissue growth factor in disc degeneration, to provide new evidence for biotherapy of disc degeneration.
METHODS: A computer-based search of PubMed and CNKI was performed by the first author to retrieve articles relevant to the effect and mechanism of connective tissue growth factor on degenerative disc and its related tissues published from January 1997 to October 2014. The keywords were “intervertebral disc; CTGF; TGF-β;hypoxia; disc degeneration” in Chinese and English, respectively, which appeared in the title, abstract or keywords. Articles published recently or in authoritative journals were preferred, and finaly 34 articles were included in result analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Recentlyin vivo and in vitro studies on the intervertebral disc have clearly demonstrated the anabolic role of connective tissue growth factor in stimulating matrix production from nucleus pulposus cels and revealed that the transforming growth factorβ-connective tissue growth factor axis was of great importance to celular matrix productionviaregulations and stimulations to transforming growth factor β and hypoxia, while the regulation of hypoxia for connective tissue growth factor was another in a specific cel and tissue manner.

More and more evidences have shown that disorder of ubiquitination regulates the genesis and development of tumors.Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymeE2C(UBE2C), an important member of Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme family, is the key factor for metaphase-metaphase transition regulation .In recent years , many studies have focused on the relationship between UBE2 C and tumors .This article reviews the progress of UBE2C expression status in tumors, its influence on genesis and development of tumors and the underlying mechanism .