Bacteriophages are viruses that infect microorganisms such as bacteria,fungi,actinomycetes and spirochetes.Because of the inherent immunogenicity,genetic plasticity,stability,safety and many other advantages,it has unique potential in vaccine research and development. At present,there are countless researches using it to construct vaccine delivery platforms,mainly including three forms,phage display vaccine,phage DNA vaccine and hybrid phage DNA vaccine,of which the phage display vaccine is the most widely studied. Phage display technology is a novel vaccine preparation technology,which is a molecular biology technology using phage as carrier,integrating foreign polypeptide or protein genes into phage genes and displaying them on the surface of phage in the form of fusion protein. This review mainly elaborated the immunological basis of phage display vaccine,the display system and its application in disease prevention,so as to provide a reference for the development and application of phage display vaccine.

Objective To construct a recombinant M13 phage vaccine targeting the outer membrane protein P6 of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae(NTHi) and evaluate its immunogenicity in order to provide new ideas for further development of NTHi vaccines. Methods The NTHi P6 gene was fused with the vector pMECS Phagemid by gene recombination technique.After packaging and purification, the obtained recombinant P6-M13 phage was prepared into recombinant P6-M13 phage vaccine. The expression of P6-M13 PⅢ fusion protein in the vaccine was detected by Western blot, the vaccine titer was determined by double-layer agar plate method, and the recombinant P6-M13 phage morphology was observed under transmission electron microscope. Ninety 5-week-old BALB/c female mice were randomly divided into PBS group, M13 phage group and recombinant P6-M13 phage vaccine group, 30 for each, and intraperitoneally injected with PBS(500 μL/mouse), M13 phage[1 × 10~(12)pfu/(500 μL·mouse)]and recombinant P6-M13 phage vaccine[1 × 10~(12)pfu/(500 μL·mouse)]on the 0, 14th and28th day, separately. Two weeks after the last immunization, the levels of specific IgG in serum and IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5and IL-17A in spleen lymphocyte culture supernatant were detected by ELISA, and the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes was analyzed by CCK-8. Three weeks after the last immunization, the mice were challenged with 1. 5 × 108cfu/mL NTHi through the nasal cavity. After one week of challenge, the pathological changes of nasal mucosa and lung tissue were observed by HE staining. Four weeks after the last immunization, the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney of mice were weighed, the organ coefficients were calculated, and histopathological sections were prepared for pathological observation.Results The recombinant P6-M13 phage could correctly express P6-M13 PⅢ fusion protein with a titer of 5. 5 × 10~(14) pfu/mL,and the recombinant P6-M13 phage with regular morphology was observed under microscope. Compared with M13 phage group and PBS group, the level of serum specific antibody IgG in mice of recombinant P6-M13 phage vaccine group was significantly higher(F = 71. 489, P < 0. 05); the levels of IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 secreted by mouse spleen cells decreased significantly(F = 8. 315, 16. 986, 39. 204 and 6. 291, respectively, each P < 0. 05), while there was no significant difference in IL-17 level among the three groups(F = 0. 863, P > 0. 05); the spleen cell stimulation index increased significantly(F =22. 952, P < 0. 05). After challenge, the nasal mucosa and lung tissue structures of mice in PBS group and M13 phage group were seriously damaged, and inflammatory cells increased, while in the recombinant P6-M13 phage vaccine group, the structures of nasal mucosa and lung tissue were normal with few inflammatory cells. There was no significant difference in the organ coefficients of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney of mice in each group(F = 1. 012, 1. 642, 0. 300, 2. 079, and 0. 405, respectively,each P > 0. 05), and no pathological changes were found in the general color morphology and pathological sections of the main organs. Conclusion The constructed recombinant P6-M13 phage vaccine targeting NTHi outer membrane protein P6 can induce effective humoral and cellular immunity in mice with certain immune protection ability and good safety.

Lymph node metastasis represents a common way of distant spread of gynecologic malignancies and an independent risk factor of poor prognosis of patients. The pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy is a critical part of the surgical treatment of gynecologic cancer, which potentially improves the survival outcomes of patients through clarifying the node status to guide the subsequent management and/or removal of positive nodes to reduce the tumor burden. However, when we make a decision about lymphadenectomy, we should balance the related survival benefits and morbidities impacting the long-term quality of life. It is noteworthy that the principles of lymph node management are varied between different types and different stages of tumors characterized with different clinical features. Moreover, the sentinel lymph node biopsy, which has been emerging as a promising alternative to traditional systematic lymph node dissection, provides new options while bringing new issues. Here, based on the latest progress in relevant fields, we attempt to figure out the distinct features and unanswered questions in the management of lymph nodes of patients with cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer, which may trigger meaningful thoughts regarding related clinical decision.

As one of the essential non-motor symptoms in Parkinson′s disease（PD）, apathy is associated with both motor symptoms and other non-motor symptoms and contributes significantly to the prognosis of PD. Apathy is thought to be related to dopaminergic dysfunction in prefrontal-basal ganglia circuits. However, its precise neural bases remain unclear. Many neuroimaging studies using different analyses have been conducted to study the underlying neural mechanisms of apathy in PD. This review will describe the current understanding of the structural and functional changes associated with apathy in PD patients.

Choroidal neovascularization(CNV)is one of common causes of vision loss.The pathogenesis and development of CNV are a comprehensive process which is regulated by multiple factors and cytokines.Cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)is an inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase and rate limiting enzyme in the prostaglandin biosynthesis pathway.COX-2 plays an important role in neovascularization by modulating vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),migration and apoptosis of endothelial cell.Recently,some experimental studies demonstrated that COX-2 involves in the information of CNV and the inhibitor of COX-2 can suppress CNV.These results provide a new prospect for the prevention and treatment of the CNV.Biological characteristics of COX-2 and its relationship with CNV are reviewed in this article.

To investigate the role of CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase in γδ T cell development,we exa-mined whether Vγ3 dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC),a subset of γδ T cells uniquely reside in the murine epidermis were altered in the CD45-gene -deficient mice.In situ immunolabelling on epidermal sheets demonstrsted that the CD45-deficient mice had a normal density and immunophenotype of Vγ3 DETC in comparison to the wild-type control mice.RT-PCR revealed that similar levels of Vγ3 TCR mRNA were present in the epidermis of both CD45-deficient mice and wild-type controls.FCM showed no significant difference in the proportion of Vγ3 T cells in the epidermal cells between the two genotypes.In addition, the frequency of Vγ2 T cells, another subset of γδT cells in lymph nodes was normal in CD45-deficient mice.These results indicate that althouh CD45 is crucial for the development of αβΤ cells,it might be not necessary for the thymic maturation of γδ T cells including Vγ3 DETC and Vγ2 T cells.

Objective To summarize the features of multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) examination of mesenteric panniculitis (MP).Methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted.The clinical data of 105 patients with MP who were admitted to the Yangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital between September 2009 and September 2015 were collected.All the patients were diagnosed by MSCT and multiplanar reconstruction (MPR).Observation indicators:(1) imaging features of computed tomography (CT):location,number,shape,size,density,mesenteric vessels and surrounding intestine of the lesions,with or without pseudotumor sign,enlarged fibrous nodules or lymph nodes,pseudocapsule sign,fatring sign,cystolization and calcification;(2) follow-up results.Follow-up using outpatient examination was performed by plain and/or enhanced scans of abdominal CT up to April 2017.Results (1) Imaging features of CT:of 105 patients,77,14 and 14 received respectively plain scans of abdominal CT,plain and enhanced scans of abdominal CT and enhanced scans of abdominal CT.Lesions of 105 patients were located at the mesentery.The single lesion was detected in 79 patients and multiple lesions in 26 patients,with number of lesions of 5-12 per case and total number of 213.All the 105 patients had pseudotumor sign,which showed different size of patchy or mass shadows with clear edge extended from mesentery root to mesenteric vessels;most long axes extended from mesentery root to jejunum in the left lumbar region;the homogeneous or heterogeneous mesenteric fat density was increased,and CT value was higher than that of normal retroperitoneal adipose tissues;fog-like mesentery showed less obvious enhancement by enhanced scan and mesenteric vessels were wrapped around.The cord-like,round or oval fibrous tissue nodules and/or enlarged lymph nodes were found in 100 patients.All the 105 patients had pseudocapsule sign.The density ring of soft tissues of different thickness was found,with a clear boundary between leading-and trail-edges and normal abdominal and retroperitoneal adipose tissues;most membranes extended to left lumbar region,thicker and thinner membranes were respectively located at the anterior and posterior areas and right side,and parts of membranes were absence.The fatring sign was detected in 71 patients,there were ring-like hypodense shadows around the mesenteric vessels and fibrous tissue nodules or lymph nodes.Cystolization and calcification were found in 2 and 2 patients.Thirty-eight patients had surrounding intestinal canal translocation.(2) Follow-up results:55 patients were followed up for 1.0-57.0 months,with an average time of 14.7 months.Of 55 patients,26 had stable lesions and no obvious changes;4 returned to normal due to complete absorption of lesions;19 were improved due to partial absorption of lesions;6 had lesions progressions.Conclusion The features of MSCT examination of MP include pseudotumor sign,pseudocapsule sign and fatring sign.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Haijiyi under nasal endoscope in the treatment of allergic rhinitis(AR).Methods 213 cases with AR were randomly divided into treatment group(112 cases) and control group(101 cases).Patients in the treatment group were treated with Haijiyi under nasal endoscope.The control group was treated with traditional microwave therapeutic equipment.Both two groups were followed up for 1 year,and long-term clinical efficacy was observed and compared between the two groups.Results The total effective rate of the treatment group was 80.4％,which was higher than 61.4％ of the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜ 0.01).Conclusion Haijiyi CZB type in the treatment of AR has advantages of exact allocation,no bleeding,less complication,good long-term efficacy,which is worth clinical popularizing and application.

Perioperative nutrition support may be required when the synthesis and utilization of nutrients become disordered due to gastrointestinal abnormalities and trauma anesthesia. Proper nutrition support can reduce or prevent malnutrition, and thus facilitate the recovery and lower complications and case-fatality rate.