Objective To investigate clinical features and regularity of liver damage induced by Zhuanggu Guanjie Pills; To provide references for rational medication. Methods By searching for domestic papers from 1993 to 2015, 15 cases of liver damage caused by Zhuanggu Guanjie Pills were collected. The data were analyzed by the method of medicine epidemiology. Results The main clinical manifestations of liver injury caused by Zhuanggu Gujie Pills were general malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, aversion to greasy food, pruritus, deep dark urine like tea, yellow skin and sclera. After withdrawal and symptomatic treatment, patients were cured. Conclusion It is clear that Zhuanggu Guanjie Pills would lead to liver damage. The prescription of Zhuanggu Guanjie Pills is safe, without incompatibility and toxicity. The liver damage was converse, and the patients were recovered. It is suggested that Zhuanggu Guanjie Pills should be taken differencially and according to course of treatment. It is suggested that the preparation process of Zhuanggu Guanjie Pills should be modified. Olibanum and myrrha should be extracted and refined, and should not be made pills directly.

AIM: To report the clinical manifestations of localized peripapillary detachment in pathologic myopia and to evaluate its underlying associations and causes.METHODS: From December 2002 to January 2004, 10eyes from 7 patients with high myopia were identified to have localized peripapillary detachment by optical coherent tomography (OCT). The features were described together with the fundus fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography and multifocal electroretinogram.RESULTS: Localised peripapillary detachments did not cause any symptoms by themselves and all the lesions were recognized because of other ocular problems. The areas of peripapillary detachment were all located within the posterior staphyloma. In the 5 eyes with type 1 staphyloma, the locations of detachment were all in the nasal half of the peripapillary area. In the other 5 eyes with type 2 and 3 staphyloma, the locations of detachment were all in the non-nasal peripapillary area. The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (Fisher's exact test, ,P= 0.01).CONCLUSION: Peripapillary detachment is probably a benign complication of posterior staphyloma in pathologic myopia. The site of peripapillary detachment is affected by the location of staphyloma and OCT is important in making the diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the long-term toxicity of Ginkgolide B injection on Beagle dogs,and to provide safety evidences for clinical experiment.METHODS: A total of 24 Beagle dogs were equally assigned to receive placebo(control group,n=6) or Ginkgolide B injection at high,medium,and low doses(80,20,and 5 mg?kg-1) by iv gtt for 6 consecutive days per week for up to 90 days.There were 6 Beagle dogs(male: female =1∶1) in each group.All the laboratory indicators were monitored and the recovery of the Beagle dogs was observed.RESULTS: During medication,vomiting was noted in one dog in high dose group,and the clotting time in high and medium dose groups was prolonged obviously.During the recovery stage,one dog in high dose group was strong positive in urinary protein test.No significant drug-associated toxic reactions were noted judging from Beagle dogs' body weight,appetite,temperature,ECG,hematology,blood biochemical analysis,ophthalmology test,marrow test,urine routine test,histopathologic examination etc.CONCLUSION: The non-toxic dose of Ginkgolide B injection for Beagle dogs was 20 mg?kg-1.

Objective To study the dissolving difference of jujubaside A and tranquilizing effect crushed Semen Ziziphi Spinosae in water extraction. Methods Crushed Semen Ziziphi Spinosae and Semen Ziziphi Spinosae were decocted and the content of jujubaside A in different samples was inspected by HPLC. The experiment was carried out on Agilent C18 column (250 mm?4.6 mm, 5 ?m), using methanol-water (65∶35) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detector was ELSD. The temperature of drift tube for ELSD was 110 ℃ and the flux of N2 was 2.4 L/min. The mice given two different samples were observed of assisting sleeping and voluntary action. Results Jujubaside A was not found in sample of Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, and the content of jujubaside A in sample of crushed Semen Ziziphi Spinosae was 0.009 0%. The sample of crushed Semen Ziziphi Spinosae could assist sleeping well. Conclusion Semen Ziziphi Spinosae should be crushed for clinical use.

Objective To study the relation between Jiegeng loading drug up in Tianwang Buxin Wan and brain,heart and lung.Method 32 Wister rats were randomly divided into four groups(8 rats in each group),namely,control group,Jiegeng group,Tianwang Buxin Wan group,Tianwang Buxin Wan lacked Jiegeng group.The levels of cyclic nucleotide in the brain,heart and lung were assayed by radioimmunoassay.Result The levels of cAMP in the lung in every drug group were significantly increased compared with that of control group.It was significant on the level of cAMP in the lung between Tianwang Buxin Wan group and Tianwang Buxin Wan lacked Jiegeng group.Conclusion It was the lung that linked the effect of Jiegeng loading drug up in Tianwang Buxin Wan.

In this study, tumorspheres were generated from TW06 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line and examined their expression of putative cancer stem-like cell surface markers and drug sensitivity. The rate of tumorsphere expansion from dissociated late passage TW06 tumorspheres (≥ passage 15) was higher than that from parental cells and dissociated 10-day-old (passage 0) tumorspheres. The expression of CD24 surface marker was lost in the generation of tumorspheres and the loss was reversible after differentiating the tumorspheres in monolayer culture conditions. Drug sensitivity assay showed that late passage tumorspheres were resistant to docetaxel and oxaliplatin treatment. Our data suggest that serially passaged tumorspheres possess the characteristics of CSCs that render them a suitable preclinical in vitro model for evaluating anticancer drug efficacy and elucidating the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance.
Neoplastic Stem Cells ; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Background: Clinical clerkship in a busy hospital environment forms an important part of undergraduate medical training. Regular objective assessment of this activity with feedback would be expected to improve outcome. Methods: We implemented fortnightly clinical assessments using modified OSLER (Objective Structured Long Examination Record), and over a 6-week clinical rotation. Modifications included provision of individualized feedback. The assessment process was evaluated by both students and teachers via a questionnaire measuring their perceived educational impact, feasibility and acceptability. Results: Students agreed that the patient spectrum was appropriate and fair, resulting in improved history taking and presentation skills (96.6%), clinical examination skills (89%) and clinical reasoning skills (90.7%). It was graded to have helped learning “tremendously” and “moderately” by 64.7% and 32.8% of students respectively. Perceived improvement was attributable mainly to the repetitive nature of the assessments since only 63% of students were provided with feedback. 96.6% of students and 94.1% of assessors perceived the format created a stressful but positive learning environment. 52.9% of assessors agreed that the exercise consumed significant time and resources but 88.2% rated it as manageable and supported its continuation. Conclusion: Frequent and regular in-course clinical assessments with emphasis on individual feedback is feasible, acceptable and has significant positive educational impact.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of compound bushen recipe (CBR) in improving the survival state of stress and the overall life span in C. elegans by simulating chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) under various stress states.

METHODSThe tolerance and the average survival time of adult larvae against heat stress (35 degrees C), oxidative stress (250 microg/mL juglone), and in vivo Abeta protein toxicity (Abeta(1-42) transgenic mutant CL4176) under the intervention of the high (500 mg/L), middle (250 mg/L), and low (100 mg/L) dose CBR were observed. The effect of CBR on the average live time (at 25 degrees C), movement distance in 20 seconds, the frequency of pharyngeal pump in 30 seconds, and the reproductive capability were assessed.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, the survival time of heat stressed C. elegans could be significantly increased in each CBR group (P < 0.01). The survival time of heat stressed C. elegans could be elongated, the protein toxicity be attenuated, and the live time prolonged in the high and middle dose CBR groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05).The movement distance and the frequency of pharyngeal pump could also be increased in the high dose CBR group (P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference in the reproductive capability among all groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSCBR could significantly enhance the stress capacity of C. elegans against internal and external environment, and prolong their lifespan. It did not interfere their normal production, and also could improve the quality of life, thus laying a foundation for further mechanism studies and pharmacological researches on CBR in preventing and treating CFS.

Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic ; drug therapy ; Longevity ; Stress, Physiological

Adolescent ; Diagnostic Errors ; Hemophilia A ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; von Willebrand Diseases ; diagnosis

Pharmacy education in Singapore adopts a patient-orientated approach. This article provides a general introduction to the education and practice of Pharmacy in Singapore through 3 major aspects,①Professional pharmacy degree;②Curriculum of the undergraduate and postgraduate pharmacy education;③Professional pharmacy practice and employment in Singapore.