Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) in China remain at high risk for HIV infection,the proportion of reported HIV/AIDS cases that occurred among MSM rose greatly from 2005 to 2011.HIV testing and counseling is a critical HIV prevention strategy among HIV related high-risk population,including MSM in China.This article aimed to assess the association between receiving HIV testing and high-risk sexual behaviors among MSM in Langfang,Hebei Province,China.Methods Between September and November 2007,233 MSM were recruited to receive an HIV testing intervention.Face-to-face interviews were conducted before HIV testing and 3 months later HIV-related risk behaviors were assessed.Serological testing for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was performed.Results Of the recruited 233 MSM,200 completed follow-up.Baseline prevalence was 7.8％ for HIV,21.0％ for syphilis,15.8％ for gonorrhea,and 5.0％ for chlamydia.Multivariate analysis indicated that inconsistent condom use (OR=7.9,95％ CI:0.9-66.7,P=-0.059) and bleeding during anal sex (OR=5.9,95％ CI:1.3-26.2,P=0.019) were risk factors for HIV infection,and group sex (OR=6.6,95％ Cl:2.2-19.7,P=-0.001) was a risk factor for syphilis infection at baseline.At 3 months follow-up,among STI-positive MSM,self-reported anal sex fell from 73.1％ to 38.5％ (P ＜0.001); group sex fell from 19.2％ to 5.8％ (P ＜0.001); and bleeding during anal sex fell from 23.1％ to 5.8％ (P ＜0.001).Among STI-negative MSM,the frequency of one-night stands fell from 32.5％ to 17.2％ (P ＜0.001),and oral sex rose from 57％ to 78.5％ (P ＜0.001).STI-positive MSM were less likely to engage in anal sex compared to STI-negative MSM (x2=5.189,P=0.023).Conclusions HIV testing is an important intervention strategy among MSM.HIV testing services among MSM need to be scaled up,along with comprehensive,tailored interventions including condom promotion and STI treatment.

AIDS Serodiagnosis ; economics ; Counseling ; economics ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; economics

Objective: To learn HIV related stigma and its associated factors among the patients on antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) in Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province, so as to provide evidence for eliminating HIV discrimination. Methods: A total of 419 subjects were recruited by convenience sampling from three ART clinics in Wenshan City and Maguan County between October 2017 and January 2018. HIV/AIDS Related Stigma and Discrimination Scale developed by Li Xianhong et al was employed. The multivariate linear regression model were used to explore the influencing factors for HIV stigma. Results: The median scores of disclosure concern, public rejection, family stigma, internalized stigma, health service providers＇ stigma were 24.00, 6.00, 10.00, 20.00, 2.00, respectively, and the overall was 68.00. The multivariate linear regression analysis showed that female patients ( standardized β=0.135 ) , patients with opportunistic infection ( standardized β=0.120 ), patients had no HIV infected family member ( standardized β=-0.128 ) , patients without family support ( standardized β=-0.175 ) , patients received gift from ART clinics ( standardized β=0.124 ) , patients scored lower in ART knowledge ( standardized β=-0.117 ) were likely to scored higher in HIV stigma. Conclusions The stigma on disclosure concern and internalized stigma dimensions are grievous among ART patients in Wenshan Prefecture. Gender, opportunistic infection, HIV infection in family, family support, receiving incentive gifts from clinics and awareness of ART are associated with HIV stigma.

The article reviews major achievements in three broad areas in fighting against HIV/AIDS epidemic in China in past 35 years. Major supportive laws and regulations and policies have been developed and implemented to facilitate national HIV/AIDS programs. The specialized personnel for HIV/AIDS programs have grown up and have played significant roles in the battle against the epidemic. Remarkable achievements have been made in surveillance to monitor the HIV epidemics, in providing care and treatment for people living with HIV, and in providing effective prevention services to key populations at high risk of HIV infection. Challenges are presented and recommendations are provided.

OBJECTIVETo describe the costs of medical care and utilization of health service of patients with HIV/AIDS.

METHODSPatients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS treated in the Beijing You'an Hospital were interviewed retrospectively during December 1999. Data on demographic characteristics, disease process, and utilization of health service and costs of hospital-based medical care were collected.

RESULTSA total number of 29 patients with HIV/AIDS were interviewed, including 17 (58.62%) asymptomatic HIV infections and 12 AIDS patients. Asymptomatic HIV infections had a mean of 6 outpatient visits, 1.3 hospitalizations and 58.6 inpatient hospital days per person-year. AIDS patients made, on average, 7.8 outpatient visits, 2.1 hospitalizations and 200.2 inpatient hospital days per person-year. The outpatient and inpatient medical costs were 13,729 RMB and 4,745 RMB for asymptomatic HIV infections, and 15,053 RMB and 22,242 RMB for AIDS patients per person-year respectively. For those who took both outpatient and inpatient medical care, the medical care costs, including costs of outpatient care and those of inpatient care, were 16,248 RMB for asymptomatic HIV infections and 36,795 RMB for AIDS patients.

CONCLUSIONDemands for health services and costs for medical care were high among patients with HIV/AIDS. Further study on utilization of health services and cost of medical care for patient with HIV/AIDS in a wider geographic coverage are needed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; economics ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; China ; Female ; HIV Infections ; economics ; HIV-1 ; Health Care Costs ; Health Services ; economics ; utilization ; Hospital Charges ; Hospitalization ; economics ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; transmission ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Internet ; Male ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; transmission ; Unsafe Sex ; prevention & control

BACKGROUNDMen who have sex with men (MSM) in China remain at high risk for HIV infection, the proportion of reported HIV/AIDS cases that occurred among MSM rose greatly from 2005 to 2011. HIV testing and counseling is a critical HIV prevention strategy among HIV related high-risk population, including MSM in China. This article aimed to assess the association between receiving HIV testing and high-risk sexual behaviors among MSM in Langfang, Hebei Province, China.

METHODSBetween September and November 2007, 233 MSM were recruited to receive an HIV testing intervention. Face-to-face interviews were conducted before HIV testing and 3 months later HIV-related risk behaviors were assessed. Serological testing for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was performed.

RESULTSOf the recruited 233 MSM, 200 completed follow-up. Baseline prevalence was 7.8% for HIV, 21.0% for syphilis, 15.8% for gonorrhea, and 5.0% for chlamydia. Multivariate analysis indicated that inconsistent condom use (OR = 7.9, 95%CI: 0.9 - 66.7, P = 0.059) and bleeding during anal sex (OR = 5.9, 95%CI: 1.3 - 26.2, P = 0.019) were risk factors for HIV infection, and group sex (OR = 6.6, 95%CI: 2.2 - 19.7, P = 0.001) was a risk factor for syphilis infection at baseline. At 3 months follow-up, among STI-positive MSM, self-reported anal sex fell from 73.1% to 38.5% (P < 0.001); group sex fell from 19.2% to 5.8% (P < 0.001); and bleeding during anal sex fell from 23.1% to 5.8% (P < 0.001). Among STI-negative MSM, the frequency of one-night stands fell from 32.5% to 17.2% (P < 0.001), and oral sex rose from 57% to 78.5% (P < 0.001). STI-positive MSM were less likely to engage in anal sex compared to STI-negative MSM (χ(2) = 5.189, P = 0.023).

CONCLUSIONSHIV testing is an important intervention strategy among MSM. HIV testing services among MSM need to be scaled up, along with comprehensive, tailored interventions including condom promotion and STI treatment.

Adult ; Animals ; China ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; Homosexuality, Male ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; physiology ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; epidemiology ; Young Adult

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; HIV Infections ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Male

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; epidemiology ; history ; mortality ; prevention & control ; China ; epidemiology ; Health Education ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Sexual Behavior

Objective To investigate the high-risk behaviors related to acquared immune deficiency syndrome/sexually transmitted disease (AIDS/STDs) infection among fishermen in Lv-si harbor,Jiangsu province.Methods A cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the research participants' demographic characteristics,high-risk behaviors that related to AIDS/STDs.Logistic regression was performed to measure the associations between potential risk factors and reported potential high-risk sexual behavior.Results 817 fishermen participated in the study and casual or commercial sex activities appeared to be the main high-risk behavior for AIDS/STDs infection in the target population.The rates of casual and commercial sex reported were 18.1％ and 28.9％ among fishermen.Risk factors associated with AIDS/STDs related high-risk behaviors among fishermen were high mobility (OR=1.516,P=0.038),higher lifetime sex frequency (OR=1.422,P=0.002)and unmarried status ( OR =7.527,P=0.014).Protective factors against high-risk behaviors were low intake of alcohol (OR=0.803,P=0.053),negative STD history (OR=0.268,P=0.001 ),age of initial sexual intercourse at or older than 22 years (OR =0.440,P=0.000) of age,as well as negative attitude toward multiple sexual parmers (OR=0.662,P=0.023 ) and legitimation for commercial sex (OR=0.612,P=0.007).Conclusion There were risk behaviors of AIDS/STDs in those infected fishmen.Casual and commercial sex were common high-risk behaviors.