The growth hormone(GH)-insulin-like growth factor(IGF)-I axis is an important modulator of growth and development.In addition to the classical role as endocrine hormones,the components also regulate a wide range of biological functions through paracrine and autocrine mechanisms.Their potent mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects play a critical role in the regulation of rapidly renewing epithelial cell populations such as those found in the colon.Recent epidemiological evidence from acromegaly patients suggests an association between inappropriate regulation of the GH-IGF-I axis and the development of colorectal cancer.However,the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways responsible are only beginning to be unravelled,as are the relative contributions of the endocrine and autocrine or paracrine effects.

Heritable changes in gene expression are regarded as epigenetics,which do not involve coding sequence modifications.The study of ophthalmology epigenetics is a rapidly growing area in biomedical research.Epigenetic mechanisms principally include DNA methylation,histone modification,chromatin remodeling and noncoding RNA.Aberrant DNA methylation and histone modification are linked to a number of age-related disorders,such as cancer,autoimmune and others.In recent years,the modulations of epigenetic changes on the pathogenesis of eye disorders and their roles in therapeutic interventions are drawing more and more attention,and these studies deepen the understanding of relevant diseases.Since the epigenetic alterations are reversible,modifying epigenetic marks contributing to eye diseases provide a new approach to the development of disease prevention,diagnosis and therapies.Herein we discuss the roles of epigenetic changes in eye disease development,hoping that ophthalmologists and researchers pay attention to these researching cues in pathogenesis of eye disorders caused by genetic expression alterations in response to environmental changes,importantly,to the implication for relevant eye disease therapy and prevention.

Objective: To investigate the influence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), including slight renal damages, on prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: A retrospective study was performed in 732 patients who visited our Cardiology Department and Cardiothoracic Surgery Department in 2000-2004. All patients suspected of CAD underwent a selective coronary angiography. Five hundred and seventy-nine patients with established diagnosis of CAD were followed up and their cardiovascular events (angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, recurrent myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, death, etc.) were recorded. Patients with CAD were divided into normal, slight, moderate, and severe groups according to the degree of renal function damages. The influences of different degrees of renal damages on the prognosis of CAD were compared. Results: There were obvious differences in the morbidities of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, recurrent myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, etc. in CAD patients with different degrees of renal function damages. The worse the renal function, the higher the incidences of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, recurrent myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke, etc (P<0.05). Conclusion: The severity of chronic renal insufficiency is positively correlated to the risks of CAD. The worse the renal function, the higher the incidence of cardiovascular events and the worse of CAD prognosis.

Objective:To study the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among elderly people and associated factors to it.Method:A sample of 1865 elderly people aged 60 or above living in Beijing metropolitan area was investigated by a two-stage survey.In the first stage, a door-to-door visit to the subjects was performed by a trained interviewer to conduct general questionnaire including activity daily living assessment, memory and cognitive test.On the second stage, neurologists examined all screened subjects to collect family history and to finish general and neurological examination as well as neuropsychological testing.MCI was diagnosed by the consensus of 2 neurologists.Result:Among the 1865 subjects visited, 217 (11.6%) were defined to have MCI.After adjusted for age and gender the standardized prevalence reaches 8%.Within the people with MCI 22.6% was classified as vascular MCI.The prevalence of MCI was higher in people living in rural area, in people with lower educational attainment, and in people who were labor workers.The prevalence increased with age advancing.Conclusion:Similar to dementia, people with advance aged, with low education and living in rural area are those at high risk of developing MCI.

Objective: Attempt to use generalized graded unfolding model to analyze the item of "Autonomy in Learning Rating Scale for College Students " adequacy of the scale designing and evidence probability of the usage of unfolding model in costructing tests. Methods: Based on randomly selected 600 graduates’ response of the scale, item analysis was carried on in 497 potent subjects. Results: Subjects whose trait continuum were between 2.5-4.0 and -3.5～-3.0 were short, and all the item locations were negative; all the item discriminations were above 0.5; the item information functions of 2, 6, 7, 19, 21, 25, 49, 50, 51 were below 0.4098; the fit plots of the item and test satisfied the requirements. Conclu- sion: Fit index of the whole scale is good; some items need to be revised or deleted; GGUM could be used in constructing attitude scales.

Objective To observe the clinic efficacy of Shenling Baizhu Pill on patients with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).Methods Ninety patients with IBS were collected and divided into Chinese patent medicine group and western medicine group by random number method,45 patients in each group,the Chinese patent medicine group received Shenling Baizhu pill group treatment,the western medicine group was gave Smectite Powder treatment.The changes of clinical symptoms,intestinal tract microorganism and serum inflammatory factor of patients were observed and compared between two groups before and after treatment.The clinical symptoms was evaluated by questionnaire, the Lactobacillus,Bifidobacterium,enterobacteria and yeast were determined by cultivation,the levels of IL -10,IL -18 and TNF -αwere detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results Two groups before treat-ment of anaerobic bacteria in feces reduction,aerobic bacteria increased serum IL -18 and TNF -alpha content, increased,the content of IL -10 decreased.Shenling Baizhu Pill intervention for 8 weeks in patients with intestinal anaerobic bacteria[(B/E 1.07 ±0.49)]and serum IL -10[(43.65 ±9.52)mg/L]content increased,aerobic bacte-ria[(B/E 1.07 ±0.49)],IL -18[(82.06 ±21.07)mg/L]and TNF -alpha[(28.44 ±10.20)mg/L]decreased. The IL -18 decreased the most,was different with the western medicine group,there was a statistical significance(t =9.926,P <0.01).Two groups had no bad reaction.Conclusion Shenling Baizhu Pill can effectively regulates and improves the intestinal micro -environment,promote the growth of intestinal probiotics and remodeling the intestinal function of biological barrier,decrease the levels of proinflammatory factors and rise the anti -inflammatory factors level,which has a good clinic effect in treating IBS.

Objective:To establish an experimental model of residual ridge resorption after mandibular incisor extraction and to study the occurrence mechanisms.Methods:Thirty male Wistar rats were used, the edge of the right mandibular incisor was cut every three days(a total of three times) and the incisor was extracted at three days after the final cut. The animals were sacrificed 0,1,2,4,8,12 weeks respectively after the extraction and the mandibles were dissected out. The length of the alveolar bone and the ratio of extracted side length to unextracted side length were measured on soft X-ray photographs and the mandibles were processed for histomorphometry.Eighteen male Wistar rats were used to observe the morphologic alteration of periodontal tissues by hematoxylin and eosin when the incisor crown was cut at different time intervals.Results:As compared with the unextracted side, the length of alveolar ridge of the extracted side was significantly decreased at 4,8,12 weeks;the ratio of extracted side length to unextracted side length significantly decreased at 4 week after tooth extraction(P

BACKGROUND: During xenogenic liver transplantation, major histocompatibility antigen can induce immunological rejection, and immunosuppressant can cause adverse effect on organism. Recently, treatment prior to transplantation induces immune tolerance, which is perspective for organ transplantation.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between thymus induction and immunological rejection during liver transplantation. METHODS: A total of 40 male SD rats of clean grade were selected as donors. Moreover, 30 male Wistar rats of clean grade and 10 male SD rats of clean grade were selected as recipients. The donor rats were divided into allogeneic gene transplantation, allotransplantation, cyclosporine, and thymus induction groups, with 10 rats in each group. The modified Kamada and improved two-cuff technique was used to establish a stable rat orthotopic liver transplantation model. The cyclosporine group was given cyclosporine (50 mg/kg) for 5 successive days. Thymus induction group was injected with major histocompatibility antigens (50 pL) for 5 successive days. Other groups were not given any interventions. Survival time of rats was recorded in each group. Pathological observation and mixed lymphocyte cultured were performed at days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after transplantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Survival time was longer in the thymus induced group compared with other groups (> 60 days), damaged level was mild, local immunological rejection was reduced, and lymphocytes were decreased. The effect after liver transplantation was similar to allogeneic gene transplantation but superior to cyclosporine intervention (P < 0.05). This suggested that thymus induction relieved immunological rejection following liver transplantation.

Objective:To establish a multidrug resistant model of human mucoepidermoid carcinoma using nude mice. Methods:Multidrug resistant MEC/5-FU cells were inoculated intradermally into nude mice. Solid tumors were locally measurable after 10 days and 5-FU was repeated intraperitoneal injected into tumor-bearing mice. The tumor cells in nude mice (MEC/5-FU/NU) were isolated, cultured and examined. Results:The xenografts were similar to the original mucoepidermoid carcinoma from which the cell line was derived. The resistance index (RI) of the MEC/5-FU/NU cells to 5-FU was 27.82. Compared to the MEC, the expressions of ABCB1, ABCB11 and GSTA1 genes and MDR-1 protein increased in the MEC/5-FU/NU cells(P<0.05). Conclusion:The xenograft model is a good model of human multidrug resistant mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and may be useful in studying drug resistance mechanism in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Most patients who underwent liver transplantation would suffer acute rejection or transplanted liver failure resulted by chronic rejection, therefore, inducing specific immune tolerance via varied pathways is the ideal method to solve this problem. OBJECTIVE: To treat rat transplanted liver by injecting transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β_1) plasmid, and to analyze the relationship between TGF-β1 and allograft rejection from gene level. METHODS: A total of 30 male, Wistar rats were served as allogenic liver donors, and 10 male, SD rats served as syngeneic donors Totally 40 male SD rats were served as liver recipients, and divided into 4 groups by order number table: ailogenic transplantation, syngeneic transplantation, ciclosporin, and ciclosporin plus TGF--β_1 groups. In each group, rat orthotopic liver transplantation model was established by modified Kamada and improved two-cuff technique. After modeling, rats were received cyclosporine 1-5 days in the cyclosporine group, or intraperitoneal injected ciclosporin for 1-5 days, combined with TGF-β_1 plasmid 0-2 days in the cyclosporine plus TGF-β_1 group. No intervention was performed in the other groups. The survival time of rats were recorded, and the pathological changes was detected at days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after transplantation, then the mixed lymphocyte culture was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The survival time of rats in syngeneic transplantation group and cyclosporine plus TGF-1,β_1 group was more than 60 days, which was obviously greater than that of allogenic transplantation and cyclosporine groups (P< 0.05). The histopathologic slide showed that there was moderate and severe acute rejection, with evident intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltration in the allogenic transplantation and cyclosporine groups. Few rejections were observed in the syngeneic transplantatior group, which was close to the normal lever tissues. Mixed lymphocyte culture of the cyclosporine plus TGF-β_1 group was superior to the syngeneic transplantation group or cyclosporine group (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that cyclosporine combined with local injection of TGF-β_1 plasmid can relieve post-transplant immune rejection.