Neonatal seizures are only a manifestation of a variety of organic, metabolic or functional disorders of the neonatal brain. Most are caused by acute brain insults such as perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage or CNS infections. Recent years have witnessed a remarkable reduction of simple hypocalcemia, resulting in a relative increase of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. These acute symptomatic seizures are different from epilepsy, a chronic seizure disorder. Most previous studies concerning seizure manifestations of the newborn have dealt with all types of neonatal seizures together, regardless of etiology. It is true that seizures in the neonate pose unique diagnostic and therapeutic problems because of the immaturity of the neonatal brain, but it is not appropriate to study seizure types in the newborn on the basis of acute symptomatic seizures such as those occurring in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in which acute brain swelling or neuronal necrosis may obscure the unique developmental state of the neonatal brain. No one would attempt to classify the seizure types in older children with acute encephalitis and epilepsy together. Such acute symptomatic neonatal seizures should be excluded from the classification of epileptic seizures and syndromes, although they may evolve into symptomatic epilepsy later as a sequel. The current International Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes lists five epileptic syndromes in which neonatal seizures are a major manifestation; benign familial neonatal convulsions(BFNC), benign neonatal convulsion(BNC), early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression-burst(EIEE), early myoclonic enecphalopathy(EME), and neonatal seizures. BFNC and BNC are categorized in idiopathic generalized epilepsies according to the International Classification. BFNC are described as being associated with clonic or apneic seizures, although the ictal EEGs of these seizures have been well documented in only a small number of cases. Seizure types reported to date were partial or generalized. Three of four patients in whom we were able to record ictal EEGs displayed definite partial seizures. One diagnosed as haying generalized seizures did not show typical electroclinical features of generalized tonic-clonic convulsions.
Brain ; Brain Edema ; Child ; Classification ; Electroencephalography ; Encephalitis ; Epilepsy ; Epilepsy, Generalized ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; Infant, Newborn ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Necrosis ; Neurons ; Seizures*

Infection is one of the most serious complications of acupuncture. But no infection ever appears without contamination, so the best method for preventing infection is to avoid contamination.
There are two causes of contamination by acupuncture, namely, unsatisfactory disinfection of skin and contaminated neeedles. The former involves incomplete skin cleaning and inadequate disinfection. The latter is caused by contact with unsanitary matter. Some factors which are usually considered insignificant, such as contamination by needle tube, finger push technique, needle insertion technique or contamination in the needle case, should be re-examined.
The author never touches the part of the needle which can penetrate the skin. This simple measure can help to prevent contamination of needles and consequent infection.

Six healthy boatmen of students were examined their mineral metabolism in urine and serum over three different periods consisting of three successive days in every two weeks, during the training camp of boat race event. The first examination period (I) was 11-14 June as ordinary time while attending school, the second period (II) 25-28 June as relatively light exercise time in training camp while attending school, and the third period (III) in summer vacation 9-12 July as hard physical exercise time. Every two hour urine was collected during the three days of each period and the blood from the cubital vein of the examinees was sampled at noon of the second day in each period.
[A] Urinary excretions per 24 hours in the three different periods.
(1) No definite variation was seen in pH. The value of the Donaggio's reaction was found greater in periods II and III compared to that of period I.
(2) Urine volume did not show any significant variation, but the water metabolism probably rose in periods II and III. Creatinine increased significantly in III.
(3) No significant variation of Na was observed but the total excretion including the sweat was to be much greater in periods II and III increasingly, and the difference of Ca and Mg between I and II was not significant, while total excretion significantly rose in III.
(4) The Na/K ratios fell in periods II and III. The fall seems to be caused by promotion in K excretion and in Na retention relatively, in which the rise of the function of the adrenal cortex is suggested.
[B] Serum contents of Na, K, P, Ca and Mg in the three different periods.
The fall of Na in periods II and III was significantly greater, in which the effect of the sweat excretion is considered, while K rose significantly in the same periods. The increase of P was in II and III. Both Ca and Mg showed a tendency to increase in III.
[C] Diurnal pattern of the urinary excretions in the three different periods.
(1) The increase of the urine excretion was showen with about 2 hours lag after the morning exercise and the increase pattern by the afternoon and evening exercises were also shown. Two peak pattern of creatinine in period II was similar to that of the urine volume.
(2) Increase patterns of Na, K, Ca and Mg excretion in periods II and III were also observed with the physical exercise. In the morning exercise the increase appeared 2 hours after the exercise, though in the afternoon and the evening exercises the increase appeared from the time of exercise. The pattern of Na and K showed that the increase after the morning exercise was greater than that by the afternoon and the evening exercises. The variation pattern of Ca and Mg showed that the time lag in the increase existed in comparison with that of Na and K, in which the greater increase by the afternoon and the evening exercises was observed noticeably compared with that of the morning.
(3) Regarding to P excretion, the decrease during the daytime, and the increase in the sleeping time was common through the three periods. The increase in the evening by the evening exercise in periods II and III was remarkable.

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the postural controlling mechanism in terms of the postural reflex.
The subjects standing upright on the “shift board” apparatus were subjected to an unexpected postural disturbance. The latent time of the neuromuscular activities was analyzed by the method of the EMG and the changes of the joint angles were analyzed by the electrogoniometer.
The following results were obtained,
1. The change of an ankle joint appeared just at the same time with the onset of the “shift board” movement, and the EMG activity of the tibialis anterior muscle appeared in the process of the extension of the ankle joint and “shift board” movement.
2. The change of the knee joint appeared after about 40 msec following the ankle joint. The change of the hip joint and the neck joint appeared thereafter but, the neuro-muscular activities of f he various parts of the body were activated by the “shift board” stimulus at the range of about 70-90 msec latency.
3. The postural controlling mechanism was discussed in relation to the theory of “simultanious combination”.
4. The trigger of the simultanious discharge of the EMGs was discussed.