BACKGROUND:X-ray ionization radiation on testicular injury can be intuitively conducted through tissue staining and morphological observation. OBJECTIVE:To observe the morphological changes of adult mouse testis after X-ray ionization radiation injury. DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A randomized controlled experiment was performed at the experiment of Medical College of Yan’an University from January to October 2008. MATERIALS:Eighteen healthy,adult,BALB/c mice,weighting(20?2.5) g,were purchased from the Fourth Military Medical University. All mice were normally raised in room temperature(20?3) ℃,with more than 5% air humidity for 2 weeks prior to operation. METHODS:The radiation dose 1.0 Gy and 2.0 GyX line was used for total body irradiation. Two weeks after irradiation,mice testicular tissue was harvested,weighing,prepared specimen,followed by haematoxylin-eosin staining. No radiation performed in the control group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The mass ratio of mouse testis prior to and after irradiation,and the changes of seminiferous tubules prior to and after irradiation. RESULTS:Weight of normal mice and radiation group had no significant differences in body weight. However,testis mass/body mass ratio with different doses had noticeable difference. Haematoxylin-eosin staining showed that seminiferous tubule of the control group was distributed orderly,with completely basement membrane. There were plenty of intraluminal layers with closely orders in spermatogenic cells. After radiation,testis spermatogenic cells were confusion,stripped off,and empty cavity was formed. With the irradiation dose increasing,the structure of seminiferous tubules were obvious disorders,lumen shrinkage,collapse,marked thinning of spermatogenic epithelium,loosely arranged,and there was no mature sperm within the lumen. CONCLUSION:After X-ray radiation,testis mass is obvious reduced,which has obvious difference along with the exposure dose Degree of damage shows a dose-dependent manner.

A Sertoli cell resides in testicular seminiferous tubule,which is the only body cell contact with the spermatogenic cell,plays a crucial role of regulation in the process of spermatogenesis.Sertoli cells can provide a material basis and a favorable microenvironment for sperm.After X radiation,spermatogenic cells and mitochondrion dramatically swelling and lysis with a decrease of mitochondrial cristae,with the prolonging of time,the mitochondria damage get even worse,mitochondrial crista is disappeared.The results of the current study indicate that radiation can cause Sertoli cell damage,but the complete theoretical system remains unclear,which needs combines with other subjects for further study.

Autophagy is a degradation process of intracellular composition.It can be divided into four different stages,including initiation,elongation,maturation and autophagosome breakdown.Its role is associated with the degree of cell damage.Moderate activation of autophagy in the case of starvation and hypoxia can promote cell survival; whereas excessive activation during cerebral ischemia can cause cell lysis and promote cell death.Preconditioning may produce ischemic tolerance by appropriate activation of autophagy.Autophagy is strictly regulated by a variety of protein kinases,apoptotic molecules and oxidative stress pathways.

Based on competence,this article studied on curriculum reform of nursing pharmacology.It described the model of curriculum construction on making teaching target,training professional quality,designing optimum learning situation,reforming teaching method and constructing curriculum evaluation system.This model is more suitable for nursing work and provide guarantee for cultivating high skilled and applicable nursing talent.

Objective To explore the relationship between leadership of head nurses and nurse job satisfaction. Methods By generalized stratified sampling, 207 nurses who were in accordance with the inclusion were selected from 2 hospitals in China. To evaluate leadership of head nurses that selected nurses perceived and the status of their job satisfaction, they were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of transactional subscale and transformational subscale of MLQ, and job satisfaction measurement scale. Results Head nurses were more frequently to be transactional than transformational, and frequencies between the two kinds of leadership that head nurses showed had significant difference. Regarding job satisfaction, nurses had the highest score in colleague and the lowest score in payment. transformational leadership was one of the influential factors on nurse job satisfaction, and were positively correlated with the overall nurse job satisfaction, satisfaction with leaders, satisfaction with communication. Conclusions Head nurses can improve nurse job satisfaction by being more transformational.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between emotion variability and assessment of psychiat-ric symptoms in middle school students,and validate that by structure equation modeling.Method:A total of 129 junior middle school students aged 13 -15 years were selected and assessed with the SCL-90 scale for psychiatric symptoms,the Adolescent Daily Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ADERQ)for emotion regulation strategies, daily reconstruction method (DRM)for emotion variability during two weeks.Results:The students had higher positive emotion score than negative emotion score [(2.7 ±0.7)vs.(1.4 ±0.3),P <0.001],and higher negative emotion variability than positive emotion variability [(0.4 ±0.1 )vs.(0.3 ±0.1 ),P =0.012].Positive emotion variability and negative emotion variability were positively correlated with total scores of SCL-90 (r =0.34,0.24;Ps <0.001).Structural equation modeling revealed positive emotion variability,negative emotion variability and e-motion regulation strategy of cognitive appraisal had a direct effect on psychiatric symptoms (the path coefficient were 0.21,0.28,-0.24;Ps <0.001),cognitive immersed strategy had a direct effect on psychiatric symptoms and negative emotion variability(the path coefficient was 0.14,0.13,P =0.037,P =0.041).Conclusions:It suggests that both negative emotion variability and positive emotion variability play an important role in psychiatric symp-toms.

This paper reflected the development of modern medical technology from the view of ecology,indicating that the core idea of ecological medical model is that human and nature develop harmoniously. The theory basis,practical background and significance of ecological medical model are also described.

Objective To explore the causes and adverse effects of hypocarbia in newborns during mechanical ventilation. Methods Two hundred and forty-six newborns received assisted ventilation from Jan. 1994 to Dec. 2003 were retrospectively reviewed. Results The morbidity of hypocarbia was 14. 2%. It is common in preterm infants and the onset time of which were (31. 6?26. 9) hours after mechanical ventilation. The common primary disease was respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (22. 6%). The mortality (32. 9%) and incidence of intracranial hemorrhage (20%) in hypocarbia cases were higher than those of the control group (7. 1 % and 5. 7%) (P

Objective To investigate the correlation between the CYP2E1 enzymes and alcoholic liver disease.Methods Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP)method was used to determine polymorphism of CYP2E1.A case control study of 183 subjects was carried out including 40 cases of alcoholic liver disease,40 alcohol dependent group,40 nonalcoholic liver disease and 63 controls.Results The frequency of B genotype or C2 allele gene was significantly higher in alcoholic liver disease than in control(P

Objective To observe the effects of rectal thermal- and pressure- stimuli on visceral perception thresholds in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and investigate its pathogenesis. Methods Rectal visceral perception thresholds were examined in 46 patients with IBS and in 13 normal controls after rectal thermal- and pressure stimuli. Subjects were asked to report its sensation, location and spread. Results Compared with healthy subjects, IBS patients, especially those with diarrhea-predominant IBS, demonstrated significantly lower perception thresholds to rectal thermal and pressure stimuli. Ice had varied effects on symptoms in patients with IBS and no effects on perception thresholds. Conclusion Visceral perception thresholds were decreased significantly after rectal thermal-and pressure- stimuli in patients with IBS. Visceral hypersensitivity is one of the important pathogenesis in IBS.