The Non-neuronal Acetylcholine System,including acetylcholine(NNAs),choline acetyltransferase,acetylcholinesterase,muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors,has been identified in numerous non-neuronal cells and tissues,including keratinocytes,cancer cells,immune cells and reproductive organs.NNAs is involved in regulation of their function and related to the pathophysiology of several diseases.This review investigates the research progress of NNAs and describes the structure and function of NNAs in different cells,such as glial cell,endothelium,epithelia and lymphocyte.NNAs is not the same as neuronal acetylcholine system,neither is the same in different cells.

Objective To investigate whether preemptive intrathecal administration of CRH has an antinociceptive efficacy on inflammatory pain model rats. Methods The antinociceptive efficacy of preemptive intrathecal administration of CRH was evaluated by the flinch-licking time and the tail flicking latency in formalin-subjected pain model rats. The c-fos gene expression in spinal cord dorsal horn was analyzed by immunohistochemical technique and computer image technique. Results Comparing with NS control group, preemptive intrathecal administration of 0.5 ?g CRH could markedly inhibit the phase Ⅱpain reaction and meanwhile decrease c-fos gene expression by 25.02% in the superficial lamella of spinal cord dorsal horn of the model rats. The antinociceptive efficacy could be counteracted by preemptive intraperitoneal injection of CP-154526 (the specific antibody of CRHR1, 10 mg/kg). Conclusion CRH could significantly inhibit pain reaction and spinal cord c-fos gene expression, and thereby preemptive intrathecal administration of CRH will contribute to the antinociceptive efficacy because of its potency of inhibiting hyperalgesia.

A series of activities on popularization of health sciences including nutrition and food safety, healthy lifestyle promotion, prevention and control of major infectious diseases, and decipher-ing the mystery of life have been carried out by Center for Laboratory teaching and management of Chongqing Medical University, using quality resources of teaching and scientific research, in order to explore the effective mode and long lasting mechanisms of work in popularization of sciences in higher education institutions. A combined method of quantification and qualification has been applied to sci-entifically evaluate the effect of the activities, and the results indicated that huge potentials and adva-ntages of higher education institutions existed in the field of popularization of sciences through coherent management system of the institution, as well as arousing the enthusiasm of teachers and students to take part in the activities.

Objective:To investigate the effects of soluble factors secreted by MCF-7 breast cancer cells on the differentiation,maturation and function of DCs.Methods:Mononuclear cells were cultured with the culture supernatants from primary MCF-7 cells.Combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF),interleukin 4(IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a) was used to stimulate the cultured mononuclear cells.Then DCs and CTL assays were analyzed.Results:MCF-7 cell supernatant-treated DCs resulted in low expression of CD80,CD83,CD86 and HLA-DR,and the inhibition rate of CTL was 17.35% significantly lower than 56.14% induced by the control DCs(P＜0.01).IL-12 secreted by DCs and IFN-γ produced by PBMNC were all significantly lower than those in the control group (P＜0.01).Conclusion:Experiments in vitro shows that the culture supernatants from MCF-7 breast cancer cells could inhibit the development and functions of DCs.

Objective To compare the diagnostic values of different parameters for neonatal sepsis by observing clinical presentations and laboratory tests of hospitalized newborn infants and to find out the the early and fast way in neonatal sepsis diagnosis. Methods Newborn infants admitted to NICU from Sept.2007 to Feb.2008,who met all inclusion and exclusion criteria,were enrolled.The situations in perinatal period,exact time of the onset of infection,clinical manifestations and laboratory indexes were recorded.Infants were classified into 3 groups:septic group(n=13),nonseptic group(n=12) and noninfectious group(n=12).Sensitivity,specificity,false positive rate,false negative rate,Youden's index and positive and negative predictive values(PPV and NPV) were calculated for each test. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were analyzed to determine the optimal thresholds. Results Among all the clinical manifestations,abnormal reaction had the hightest specificity(84.6%) and accuracy(67.9%) in diagnosing neonatal sepsis.SIRS criteria,with the specificity of 95.8%,was helpful in clinical suspected eases.However,routine laboratory tests,such as WBC,PLT and GLU,had poor sensitivity or specificity;I/T had better specificity(100%),but was subject to discrepancy among different observers.The area under the ROC for CRP and PCT were 0.734 and 0.878,with the optimal threshold of 15 mg/L(P=0.020,Youden's index=45.5%) and 0.81 ng/ml(P-0.000,specificity=100%,Youden's index=75.0%),respectively.Conclusions Careful clinical inspection warrants early detection of sick infants.Evaluation of SIRS criteria in clinical suspected septic infants may help in early diagnosis.WBC,I/T,PLT can be used as routinely monitoring indexes for high risk neonates.CRP and PCT concentrations also have significant diagnostic values.

Objective With the development of children 's health care policy, mild Wilson Disease as the first symptom of pa-tients is increasing.In this study, we assessed the reliability of the 2001 international general standards of the Wilson Disease diagnos -tic score.Methods Twenty -one cases of Wilson Disease in children (11 cases were boys, 10 cases were girls, average age was 3 ~10.8 years) included in the study, other 21 cases with liver disease were age-matched and gender-matched.There were no clinical symptoms, only with abnormal liver function in laboratory tests .All the patients with Wilson Disease were all confirmed through genetic diagnosis.Results Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that at 20 mg /L threshold, the sensitivity of cer-uloplasmin was 93.4% (95% CI : 81.2% ~98.8%), the specificity was 81.8 (95% CI : 71.6% ~93.6%); urinary copper diag-nostic threshold was 40μg/L/24h, the sensitivity was 75.9% (95% CI :61.7% ~92.4%); the specificity was 89.9% (95% CI :73.7% ~96.6%).WD scoring diagnostic system of the positive and negative predictive values as high as 93% and 91.6%.Penicil-lamine load test in Wilson Disease and control groups , no significant difference between the ROC curve showed a sensitivity of only 10%.Conclusions WD scoring diagnostic system in the mild Wilson Disease patients still has a high diagnostic specificity , but peni-cillamine load test does not have diagnostic significance in some patients .

SUMMARY Breastfeeding has been recognized as the most natural and nutritious way of feeding babies . Besides the nutritional , immunological and emotional benefits , breastfeeding promotes a healthy stomatog-nathic system .First of all, the nutrients and minerals in maternal milk are easy to be absorbed by the infants, which contributes to the mineralization of the teeth , and suppress the propagation of bacteria on the teeth.Though the jury is still out on whether breastfeeding can prevent Early Childhood Caries (ECC), it is definite that we should pay attention to feeding at night and the oral hygiene of the babies . Secondly , the method of feeding is closely bound up with the development of dentition and jaw .Breast-and bottle-feeding involve different orofacial muscles , which possibly have different effects on the harmo-nic growth of maxilla and dental arches .Meanwhile , breathing , swallowing and mastication should be developing in harmony , and differences exist in the learning of the coordinated movement between breast feeding and bottle feeding children .Bottle feeding had been proved to be closely related with the non-nutritive sucking habits which can cause malocclusion .At last, it should be pointed out that breast fee-ding should be the only feeding source in the first 6 months of life, then supplementary foods should be added .And prolonged bottle feeding should be avoided .We can see that breast feeding is definitely good for the infants , but the reality is not optimistic in our country .

Objective To investigate the diagnosis method of intervertebral disc low back pain and the best treatment clinical efficacy. Methods The imaging data of 132 cases with intervertebral disc low back pain diagnosed by discography for disc imaging was retrospectively analyzed from October 2001 to October 2008. Randomly divided into three groups: group A of pereutaneous laser disc decompression in 63 cases of gasification, group B extraperitoneal anterior disectomy, Cage fusion 21 cases, group C posterior fusion after disectomy arch root 48 cases of screw fixation. Observed in patients with postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) score improvement. Results MRI of lumbar intervertebral disc on T_2-weightod lesions as low signal was important. VAS after treatment in three groups followed by lower values to reduce, group A was (9.7 ± 0.9) points, group B was (7.4 ± 1.2) points, group C was (6.9 ± 1.4) points. There were statistically significance between group A and group B, C (P< 0.05). ODI in order to reduce the value of reducing, group A was (19.4 ± 1.4) points, group B was (18.8 ± 2.9) points, group C was (16.5 ± 2.1) points. There were statistically significance between group A and group B, C (P< 0.05). Conclusions Discography is a reliable method to diagnose intervertebral disc low back pain. Percutaneens laser disc decompression compared with posterior or anterior disectomy and fusion combined with internal fixation has good results in improving pain and function of patients.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of proteolytic enzymes that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM).Both animal expodments and clinical sample analysis have shown that balance in expression and activation of MMP and inhibition by tissue inhibitors of matrix metallo-proteinase (TIMP)is critical for the development of stenotic change.This review article focuses on the role of MMP relevant to restenosis after vascular injury.

It has been fully studied about interstitial cells of Cajal in gastrointestinal tract,and in recent years these cells are discovered in other tissues and organs,such as urinary system,cardiovascular system,reproductive system,liver,pancreas and mammary gland.The criterion and process reported by some authors are reliable for invesgating these cells,and can be helped to study the distribution and function of these cells outside gastrointestinal tract.It is showed that the fuction of interstitial cells of Cajal exsited in urinary organs seems to be related with the spontaneous rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle,while in heart seems to cause atrial fibrillation in humans,but the poteinal fuctions of interstitial cells of Cajal in other tissues and organs have not been revealed.