BACKGROUND: Drug-controlled release preparation by drugs or other active substances combined with carriers, has been an important development trend in field of pharmacy. However different characteristics of controlled release drug carrier materials leas to different drug release behaviors, so recent researches focus on a new type of drug carrier material to obtain the satisfactory drug release. OBJECTIVE: To introduce some drug carrier materials, and analyze those materials' characteristics and their application on drug controlled-release. RETRIEVAL STRATEGY: A computer-based search was undertaken on China Journal Full-text Database from January 1998 to June 2007, with the Keywords of "polymeric hydrogel, polylactic acid, chitosan, silk fibroin, drug controlled-release, drug carrier" and language was limited to Chinese. Inclusion criteria: ①preparations and characteristics of various drug carrier materials;②drug controlled release of various drug carrier materials. Exclusion criteria: outdated literatures. LITERATURE EVALUATION: Eighty-six related articles were screened out, and 28 of them met the criteria, including 10 were reviews and others were clinical or basic experiments. DATA SYNTHESIS: ① At present, the materials applied for drug carrier include polymeric hydrogel, polylactic acid/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), chitosan and their derivates, silk fibroin and so on.②Intellectual polymeric hydrogel can respond swelling and contraction for the stimulation of temperature, acidity, pressure and light, etc. And the specific environment sensitiveness enlarges its application in drug delivery system.③Polylactic acid and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), as a kind of biodegradable polymer materials, represent biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxic degradation products. As for controlled release drug carrier material, it can influence drug release by modulating degradation of polylactic acid, so as to increase drug efficacy.④Chitosan is satisfactory in adsorbability, film forming ability and permeability. Water-soluble chitosan with low relative molecular mass is prone to degrade and difficult to accumulate, so chitosan nanoparticles or chitosan microspheres as carriers for drug delivery system have been the hot topic of recent researches.⑤Native polymer material silk fibroin is non-toxic and non-stimulative, shows good physical, chemical and biological characteristics, as well as satisfactory histocompatibility. The pH value responsibility and zymohydrolysis are also observed when loading and releasing drugs. Chemical modification and addition of other compounds will increase the characteristics and the drug-controlled release of silk fibroin. CONCLUSION: Various drug carrier materials show good biocompatibility, biodegradability, physicochemical and biological stability, extremely low toxicity, and high drug loading property. But the material's performance should be synthesized and modified in practical application to satisfy various preparations of drug-controlled release by specific performance and structure.

Polypeptide and protein microspheres can elevate drug availability, but drug devitalization and drug fast release can result in side effects during microsphere preparation. Fast release in the body is a burning question facting investigators who studying microsphere controlled release system. Relative molecular mass, concentration, structure and drug content of the polyme can greatly affect drug fast release. Fast release can be controlled by structural modification, using additives, controlling particl diameter of microspheres and decreasing drug content.

Calcium phosphate ceramics, such as tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) are commonly used as bone substitutes. These materials have different physical and chemical properties and, therefore, display different interactions with the host tissue. Factors such as porosity,osteoconductivity,and biocompatibility seem to become increasingly important in the development of new artificial bone replacement materials. This article focuses on the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of calcium phosphate ceramics and the host tissue.

Objective: To study the impact of basic medical insurance on household consumption. Methods: According to the panel data of the east, central and west regions from 2002 to 2011, time and entity fixed effect model (Two-way FE) is established to test the relationship between the basic medical insurance and household consumption. Results: The basic medical insurance has significant positive effects on consumption, the consumption increased 10%, 16% and 19% in regions of East, Middle and West, respectively. Conclusion: The construction and improvement of the social medical insurance system improve the growth of the consumption, and the government should enhance the security, and consider the regional differences at the same time.

Objective:To probe the correlation of intra-operative hyaluronic acid(HA) changes with hepatic allografts cold ischemia reperfusion injury in liver transplantation.Methods:The patients with orthotopic liver transplantation were assigned to 3 groups:① group A :liver allografts were stored in University of Wisconsin's solution(0℃) for 5-6 h before implantation;② group B :liver allografts were stored in U W's solution(0℃) for 8-9 h before implantation;③ group C :liver allografts were stored in U W's solution(0℃) for 12 h before implantation.The serum samples were taken up at 5 min,60 min,120 min,180 min after the donor liver was transplanted and reperfused to detect the concentration of HA.Results:After donor liver was transplanted and reperfused,serum HA concentration decreased immediately and gradually.HA decreased rate :group A 4.58 ?g/L?min-1,group B 4.16 ?g/L?min-1,group C 2.26 ?g/L?min-1.Serum HA decrease rate was faster in group A and B than that in group C(P

Objective To develop a kind of tongue image analysis instrument which is used to deal with the deviation problem on the process of tongue image analysis currently. Methods The system included two parts:hardware and software. The hardware was made up of special tongue image acquisition device and computer. With the application of digital image analysis technology, the instrument implements functions such as tongue image collection, image preprocess, image segmentation and feature analysis. Results After a certain amount of sample study process, the accuracy of tongue shape recognition was about 90%. Conclusion This instrument can achieve the aim of tongue information objectification and are widely used for clinical medicine and teaching.

Some human leucocyte antigens(HLA),espeually class Ⅱ genotypes such as HLA DQ/DR are closely linked to type 1A diabetes mellitus(T1ADM).But the genetic susceptibility of HLA DR/DQ are different between Caucasian and Asian populations.The aspartic acid at position 57 of DQ? can not confer resistance to T1ADM in Asians.DQ2 and DQ8 are the well-known susceptible genotypes in Caucasians while DQ4 and DQ9 are in Asians.An unexpected high risk of T1ADM is observed for the linkage disequilibrium between DRB1*0301/ DRB1*0401 and DQ2/DQ8 in both the populations.The DQB1*0302,DQA1*0501,DRB1*0401,*0402,*0407 are associated with T1ADM in Caucasians,but it is not the case in Asians.In contrast,DQB1*0401 shows a positive association to T1ADM in Asians,has a protective effect against T1ADM in Caucasians.Additionally DRB1*09 could be another susceptible gene in Asians.

Objective The objective of this study was to observe the short-term and long-term curative effects of minimally invasive surgical treatment combined with chemotherapy of localized nasopharyngeal carcinoma in patients,and to clarify the necessity of combination therapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods Sixty-two patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were enrolled in our hospital from March 2011 to September 2011.The patients were divided into the observation and control groups by random number table method.The patients in observation group were given the application of minimally invasive surgery with postoperative combined chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil after nasal endoscopic resection.The patients in the control group were given single application of minimally invasive surgical treatment of nasal endoscopic resection.The patients in two groups were observed the efficiency,survival rate and postoperative quality of life after surgery for 1 year or 5 years.Results The effective rate was 83.87％ and 100％ for the survival rate in the observation group after surgery for 1 year;the effective rate was 58.06％ and 87.10％ for the survival rate in the control group.There was significant different between the observation and control groups (P ＜ 0.05).The survival and survival rates were significantly higher than those in the control group after surgery for 5 years (P ＜ 0.05).After surgery 1 year,the scores of the patients in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The combination of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of minimally invasive endoscopic nasopharyngeal resection combined with postoperative chemotherapy can significantly improve the short-and long-term survival rates,long-term effective rate,and quality of life in tumor patients after surgery.This is suitable for clinical application.

Breast Feeding ; Enteral Nutrition ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; growth & development ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; growth & development ; Infant, Premature, Diseases ; prevention & control ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutritional Status

Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena