Calcium phosphate ceramics, such as tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) are commonly used as bone substitutes. These materials have different physical and chemical properties and, therefore, display different interactions with the host tissue. Factors such as porosity,osteoconductivity,and biocompatibility seem to become increasingly important in the development of new artificial bone replacement materials. This article focuses on the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of calcium phosphate ceramics and the host tissue.

BACKGROUND: Drug-controlled release preparation by drugs or other active substances combined with carriers, has been an important development trend in field of pharmacy. However different characteristics of controlled release drug carrier materials leas to different drug release behaviors, so recent researches focus on a new type of drug carrier material to obtain the satisfactory drug release. OBJECTIVE: To introduce some drug carrier materials, and analyze those materials' characteristics and their application on drug controlled-release. RETRIEVAL STRATEGY: A computer-based search was undertaken on China Journal Full-text Database from January 1998 to June 2007, with the Keywords of "polymeric hydrogel, polylactic acid, chitosan, silk fibroin, drug controlled-release, drug carrier" and language was limited to Chinese. Inclusion criteria: ①preparations and characteristics of various drug carrier materials;②drug controlled release of various drug carrier materials. Exclusion criteria: outdated literatures. LITERATURE EVALUATION: Eighty-six related articles were screened out, and 28 of them met the criteria, including 10 were reviews and others were clinical or basic experiments. DATA SYNTHESIS: ① At present, the materials applied for drug carrier include polymeric hydrogel, polylactic acid/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), chitosan and their derivates, silk fibroin and so on.②Intellectual polymeric hydrogel can respond swelling and contraction for the stimulation of temperature, acidity, pressure and light, etc. And the specific environment sensitiveness enlarges its application in drug delivery system.③Polylactic acid and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), as a kind of biodegradable polymer materials, represent biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxic degradation products. As for controlled release drug carrier material, it can influence drug release by modulating degradation of polylactic acid, so as to increase drug efficacy.④Chitosan is satisfactory in adsorbability, film forming ability and permeability. Water-soluble chitosan with low relative molecular mass is prone to degrade and difficult to accumulate, so chitosan nanoparticles or chitosan microspheres as carriers for drug delivery system have been the hot topic of recent researches.⑤Native polymer material silk fibroin is non-toxic and non-stimulative, shows good physical, chemical and biological characteristics, as well as satisfactory histocompatibility. The pH value responsibility and zymohydrolysis are also observed when loading and releasing drugs. Chemical modification and addition of other compounds will increase the characteristics and the drug-controlled release of silk fibroin. CONCLUSION: Various drug carrier materials show good biocompatibility, biodegradability, physicochemical and biological stability, extremely low toxicity, and high drug loading property. But the material's performance should be synthesized and modified in practical application to satisfy various preparations of drug-controlled release by specific performance and structure.

Polypeptide and protein microspheres can elevate drug availability, but drug devitalization and drug fast release can result in side effects during microsphere preparation. Fast release in the body is a burning question facting investigators who studying microsphere controlled release system. Relative molecular mass, concentration, structure and drug content of the polyme can greatly affect drug fast release. Fast release can be controlled by structural modification, using additives, controlling particl diameter of microspheres and decreasing drug content.

Objective: To study the impact of basic medical insurance on household consumption. Methods: According to the panel data of the east, central and west regions from 2002 to 2011, time and entity fixed effect model (Two-way FE) is established to test the relationship between the basic medical insurance and household consumption. Results: The basic medical insurance has significant positive effects on consumption, the consumption increased 10%, 16% and 19% in regions of East, Middle and West, respectively. Conclusion: The construction and improvement of the social medical insurance system improve the growth of the consumption, and the government should enhance the security, and consider the regional differences at the same time.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of fast track surgery ( FTS ) in perioperative nursing care of laparoscopic cholecystectomy . Methods A total of 200 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January and December 2012 were randomly divided into two groups , with 100 cases of each group , receiving either FTS or conventional treatment .Comparison of the two groups in patients rehabilitation and complications were observed . Results The postoperative anal flatus time was significantly shorter in the FTS group (12.0 ±4.4) h than that in the control group (24.9 ±5.4) h (t=-18.519, P=0.000).The postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in the FTS group (3.2 ±1.3) d than that in the control group (4.2 ±2.1) d (t=-4.049, P=0.000).The patients’ weight loss at the 5 postoperative day was significantly less in the FTS group (3.2 ±0.3) kg than that in the control group (5.2 ±0.6) kg (t=-29.814, P=0.000). Conclusion FTS measures applied in laparoscopic cholecystectomy can significantly accelerate postoperative rehabilitation .

Objective To quantify iron deposition in Alzheimer’s disease (AD),amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and normal old people using susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI).Methods Sixty participants (22 aMCI,20 AD,18 normal con-trols)underwent conventional magnetic resonance imaging sequences and SWI using axial/oblique coronal sequences.Phase images were used to calculate bilateral iron deposition in 1 8 regions of interest (ROI)of every participant.The radian angle values were cal-culated and compared between the three groups.Results The radian angle value difference was significant between the aMCI and control groups in the left (L)-hippocampus,L-head of the caudate nucleus,R/L-lenticular nucleus ROIs.The radian angle value difference was significant between the AD and aMCI groups in the R/L-cerebellar hemisphere,R/L-hippocampus,R-red nucleus, R/L-thalamus and splenium of corpus callosum ROIs.Pearson correlation coefficients of the mini-mental state examination (MMSE)scores and many ROIs were significant.Conclusion Iron depositions in the hippocampus,head of the caudate nucleus,len-ticular nucleus and thalamus are significantly different between individuals with aMCI,AD and controls.Using SWI to quantify the iron deposition is a useful tool in detecting aMCI and AD.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of candesartan cilexetil and enalapril in the treatment of senile hypertension.Methods 100 patients with hypertension were randomly divided into the treatment group and control group according to digital table method.The treatment group were received candesartan cilexetil 4 ～ 8mg once daily for 8 weeks,and control group were received enalapril 10 ～ 20mg once daily for 8 weeks,and the efficacy and adverse reactions were watched.Results The SBP and DBP were (134.42 ± 6.39) mmHg and (82.00 ± 5.05) mmHg for candesartan cilexetil and (137.70 ± 5.27) mmHg and (81.76 ± 5.03) mmHg for enalapril after 8 weeks.A significant reduction of blood pressure was achieved in both groups than before treatment (tcan =35.85,30.88;tena =37.92,31.67,all P ＜ 0.01).After treatment pulse pressure was (56.06 ± 4.91)mmHg for candesartan cilexetil and (60.04 ± 4.40) mmHg for enalapril.Compared with before treatment,pulse pressure was significantly reduced in the treatment group (t =16.93,P ＜ 0.01) and was no significant difference in control group (t =6.34,P ＞ 0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions of patients with treatment group was obviously lower than that of the control group.Conclusion Candesartan cilexetil is effective and safe in senile hypertension patients,and it could be used as a first-line treatment.

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of bcl-2 and NF-κB/ p65 in different subgroups of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Methods Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expressions of CD10, bcl-6, and MUM-1 in the DLBCL patients. According to immunohistochemical algorithm of Hans et al. DLBCL were subdivided into GCB and non-GCB/ABC subgroups and the expressions of bcl-2 and NF-κB/p65 were detected. The expressions of bcl-2 and NF-κB/ p65 in GCB DLBCL were compared with that in ABC DLBCL,and the correlation of bcl-2 and NF-κB/p65 expressions with survival in the two major subgroups of DLBCL were analyzed. Results The expression rates of bcl-2 and NF-κB/p65 proteins in DLBCL were 67.1% and 77.1%, and there was significant correlation between them. The expression rates of bcl-2 and NF-κB/p65 were 52.0 % and 56.0 % in GCB DLBCL, but were 75.6 % and 88.9 % in ABC DLBCL. The expression rates of two proteins were higher in ABC DLBCL than in GCB DLBCL. There was no significant correlation between bcl-2 and NF-κB/p65 protein expressions and overall survival within the GCB DLBCL subgroup, but bcl-2 and NF-κB/p65 expressions had a significant effect on overall survival within the ABC subgroup. Conclusion bcl-2 and NF-κB/p65 expressions are associated with poor survival in the ABC subgroup only. Hence, the significance of bcl-2 and NF-κB/p65 protein expressions should be assessed in the context of DLBCL subgroups in the future.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss advances in intrahepatic and intrabiliary stent application and evaluate their biocompatibility.METHODS: A computer-based online search of CNKI between 1989 and 2009 was performed to search related articles with the keywords of "bile duct, hepatic duct, stent, treatment". A total of 51 articles were searched and 20 were included according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The articles were summarized from aspects of treatment advances in intrahepatic and intrabiliary stent application and prevention of obstruction following intrahepatic and intrabiliary stenting; the clinical application of intrahepatic and intrabiliary stent, biocompatibility and prevention of stent obstruction were discussed.RESULTS: Intrabiliary stent mainly includes metal stent and plastic stent. The metal stent is superior over plastic stent in preventing bacteria and keeping stent patency, but its cost is large. The plastic stent is easy for bacteria attachment and stent obstruction, but it is simple to change the stent and the cost is low. Intrabiliary stent implantation is the best method to treat malignant obstruction of bile duct with few complications. Intrahepatic stent in combination with various radiotherapies can prolong effective patent time of the stent and effectively prevent stent obstruction. CONCLUSION: Intrabiliary stent implantation is the most effective clinical method to treat malignant obstruction of bile duct.However, the biocompatibility of various intrabiliary stents should be improved. Intrahepatic stent in combination with radiotherapies can prevent stent obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Local application of sustained-release antimicrobials serve as an adjuvant therapy of periodontitis, and the dosage form, medicine and carrier material have greatly developed. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the currant situation and progression of periodontal local sustained-release antimicrobials at home and abroad.METHODS: A computer-based online search of CNKI and Pubmed (1999-01/2009-10) was performed for the related articles about sustained-ralease antimicrobials, with the key words "periodontitis, treatment, medication, and sustained-ralease". The articles in the same field published recently or in authoritative journals were selected. A total of 143 articles were collected, and 40 related sustained-ralease antimicrobials were included.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Application of sustained-release antimicrobials is a well adjuvant therapy for some special clinical periodontitis. It is widely used due to its low dosage, long lasting-time and well target effect. The clinical application of sustained-ralease antimicrobials is promising along with the development of compound medicine and periodontal tissue regeneration.