Introduction: Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli (DEC) is getting more and more important as a cause of diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. Detection of DEC prevalence and distribution of their virulent genes plays an important role in prevention and treatment for E.coli-related diseases and vaccine development. Objectives: This study was conducted with the aim to detect DEC prevalence and the distribution of virulent genes of DEC isolated from healthy children under 5 who were living in the community. Subjects and method: 826 children under-5 living in Ba Vi District, Ha Tay Province were selected. Polymerase chain reactions using specific primers to virulent genes of DEC were used. Results. The study found that the prevalence of DEC was 9.8%, among this EAEC accounted for 3.1%, EHEC 1.8%, EIEC 0.1%, EPEC 1.1%, ETEC 0.1% and two DECs 3.5%. Combinations of virulent genes of EHEC and EHEC+ETEC accounted for 50% of total virulent genes. Conclusion: Five types of DEC were isolated from subjects with the prevalence of 9.8%. The most common virulent genes were combinations of EHEC and ETEC. Further studies are needed to investigate the transmission pathway of DEC in children living in the community.
Escherichia coli ; Virulent gene

Background: It is important to diagnosis and properly treat patients with diarrhea is having a highly sensitive and specific technique to rapidly identify the caused bacteria, especially Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli (DEC) isolates. Objectives: To develop and complete the bacterial DNA extraction procedure and optimize the DNA concentration for multiplex PCR for DEC. Materials and method: 7 reference strains of DEC and 10 fecal samples taken randomly were tested using DNA extraction and PCR techniques. Results. A bacterial DNA extraction procedure has been developed and optimized. This is a simple process and does not require expensive equipment. The test result is available after 90 \u2013 100 minutes. The minimum DNA content required for PCR to give positive results is 100ng per reaction. Conclusion: The development and completion of DNA extraction procedure plays an important role in early detection of DEC in fecal samples and serves as a base for further research on diarrheagenic bacteria.
DNA extraction ; PCR ; Escherichia coli

Background: Cranial trauma is a major cause of death among types of trauma. So far, although pediatric cranial trauma can leave more severe consequences, it has not still been adequate attended.\r\n', u'Objectives: To study clinical characteristics and cranial trauma treatment of under 16 years old children in Binh Dinh General Hospital. Subjects and method: A retrospective study was conducted on 256 under 16 year old patients with cranial trauma (180 males, 76 female) in Binh Dinh General Hospital from January, 2005 to September, 2005. Results:Cranial trauma in children was common seen in male/female ratio as 70.31/29.69. Common aged between 3-16 years old (89%). Main cause of it was traffic accident (64.5%). 100% of patients admitted to hospital with a Glasgow score 11 points. In those aged 3-16 years old, 14.03% of them with score of Glasgow coma scale \ufffd?2 points. Cranial CT scans: 78 patients, Cranial X-rays: 122 patients. Surgical rate 10.6%. Mean surgical days was 5.12\xb13.80 days. Complication rate was 33.2%. Non-operative mortality was 1.56%. Conclusion: Cranial trauma was common seen in those aged 3-16 years old, in male more than female. According to Glasgow outcome scale, good recovery rate achieved 65.23%. \r\n', u'
Craniocerebral Trauma/ diagnosis ; surgery ; therapy ; Child ; Child ; Preschool ;

Background: Flail chest is a severe condition of thoracic trauma, and it requires diagnosis and treatment as soon as possible. From year 2000, we developed an improved technique of open fixation in order to adapt the situations of Vietnam health settings. Objectives: To report preliminary results of application of improved open fixation technique in Viet Duc Hospital from 2001 to 2006. Subjects and method: This descriptive, prospective and retrospective study involved 19 patients with flail chest due to closed thoracic trauma or multiple traumas, treated by open fixation technique. The parameters included features of patients, characteristics of this technique and postoperative progression.Results: Of 19 patients, there were 16 males and 3 females, mean age: 47.8 years. All patients presented obvious signs of flail chest preoperatively, but only 9 cases were treated by open fixation technique and pleural drainage immediately. This technique canbe applied in all sugical settings with single local anaesthesia, and any kind of common surgical threads. The most suitable initial pulled weight is 2000 g. All cases of flail chest required pleural drainage. All patients had good outcomes with open fixation technique, no death. There were 3 patients with postoperative complications, all were severe multiple trauma patients. Conclusion: Improved open fixation technique applied in Viet Duc Hospital is simple, effective and safe, and can be widely used in all surgical settings.
Flail Chest ; Flank Pain/ therapy ;

Background: Most abdominal surgery can be done by laparoscopic method. For urologic surgery, laparoscopic surgery is used to cut the kidney, prostate, seminal vesicles and get urinary stones, including the ureter stones.\r\n', u'Objectives: Contribute to improving treatment effects ureter stones by lapasoscopy tranperitoneal ureterolithotomy\r\n', u'Subjects and method: Laparoscopic transperitoneal ureterolithotomy was attempted in 90 patients (50 men and 34 women) with an age range of 22 \ufffd?75 years (mean 43.60+ 11.97 years). Learn characteristics of ureteral calculi (X-ray, ultrasound, urinary map vein) and surgical methods.\r\n', u'Results:The results showed that: Most ureterolith at L3 vertebral level (55.6%) and L4 (40.0%). The stone size ranged from 8 to 22mm (mean 13.87+ 3.25mm) and an average width 4 to 12mm (mean 6.96 + 1.82mm). Most cases of ureteral calculi with the situation fluid in the kidney level 2 (76.7%). The stone has impacted in the upper and mid ureter. Two 10-mm and one 5mm trocars were used. Most cases of stage 2 nasal. The mean operative time was 57.22 + 15.51 minutes (30-90 minutes). \r\n', u'Conclusion: The authors conclude that laparoscopic ureterolithotomy by the transperitoneal approach is a safe and reliable minimally invasive procedure. For large, hard, long-standing and impacted ureteric calculi, one laparoscopicureterolithotomy is an initial therapy\r\n', u'
Ureterostomy ; Laparoscopy

Introduction: Antiviral resistance has been reported in seasonal influenza A viruses and avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in Viet Nam, raising concerns about the efficacy of treatment. Methods: We analysed specimens from two sources during the period 2009–2012: influenza-positive samples from influenza-like illness patients at sentinel clinics in northern Viet Nam and isolates from patients with confirmed A(H5N1) infections. Pyrosequencing was used to detect mutations: H275Y [for A(H1N1) and A(H5N1)], E119V [for A(H3N2)] and I117V [for A(H5N1)]. A neuraminidase inhibition assay was used to determine the Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) values for all influenza A and B isolates. Results: There were 341 influenza A positive samples identified; influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was identified most frequently (n = 215). In 2009, oseltamivir resistance was observed in 100% (19 of 19) of seasonal A(H1N1) isolates and 1.4% (3/215) of A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates. This H275Y mutation was not found in influenza subtypes A(H5N1) or A(H3N2) isolates. Discussion: In Viet Nam, seasonal and A(H5N1) influenza vaccines are not currently available; thus, effective treatment is required. The presence of oseltamivir-resistant viruses is therefore a concern. Active surveillance for oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses circulating in Viet Nam should be continued.

Background: Noise pollution has seriously negative effects on worker\u2019s health, especially their hearing ability. Occupational hearing loss is one of 21 insured occupational diseases. Occupational hearing loss is common in workers in transpostation, construction, energy heavy and light industry areas. Objectives: 1. To determine the degree of noise pollution in Thua Thien Hue Unity Auto Mechanical Joint Stock Company. 2. To evaluate occupational failing hearing and occupational hearing loss among workers in the company. 3. To promote preventive measures which imnimize occupational failing hearing and occupational hearing loss. Subjects and method:A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in 254 employees in Thua Thien Hue Unity Auto Mechanical \r\n', u'Joint Stock Company. Results and Conclusion: 72.7% the employees of Thua Thien Hue Unity Auto Mechanical \r\n', u'Joint Stock Company have exposed to environmental noise at the level higher than the permitted one. The rate of occupational failing hearing among these people is rather high (33.1%), and occupational hearing loss rate is 11.8%. There is a increased rate of occupational hearing loss according to the employee\u2019s age and seniority. Proposed preventive measures should be immediately conducted (P < 0.05).\r\n', u'
Hearing Loss ; Noise-Induced/ epidemiology ; etiology ; pathology ;

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem. It is the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the United States, and is projected to rank fifth in 2020 in burden of disease caused worldwide. Objective: To research the epidemiology of COPD in the population of Bac Giang city and finding out the risk factors of COPD. Subjects and method: Cross-sectional survey of general population sample of 2,104 men and women with the age \ufffd?0 years in 30 wards of 11 communes of Bac Giang city. Data on respiratory symptoms, diseases, and risk factors were collected. Lung function tests were performed with Spiroanalyzer snoo, Japan. Results and conclusions: The incidence of COPD was 2.3%; in men 3.0% and in women 1.7%. The incidence of simple chronic bronchitis was 6.4%. People who smoked had higher rate of COPD than the others (OR = 2.8). The incidence of smoking in COPD was 55.9%. The three most important risk factors of COPD was the age \ufffd?0; smoking >15 pack/year and medical history of asthma.
Pulmonary Disease ; Chronic Obstructive/ epidemiology

Background: Fungal keratitis is a serious ocular infection that can cause corneal scarring and blindness. Currently, diagnosis of fungal pathogens remains a difficult problem. Objectives: To investigate the application of semi-nested PCR targeted ITS genes for detection of fungal agents causing keratitis. Material and method: Ten identified fungal strains, 4 bacterial strains, 20 scraping samples from patients with suspected fungal keratitis and 2 scraping samples from patients with suspected bacterial keratitis were tested using semi-nested PCR. Results: Semi-nested PCR showed positive results for the samples of identified fungal strains and for the 20 scraping samples from patients with suspected fungal keratitis. Neither samples of bacterial strains nor scraping samples from suspected bacterial keratitis patients gave positive PCR results. Conclusion: Semi-nested PCR is a robust tool for specific and rapid detection of fungal agents causing keratitis.
Fungal keratitis ; semi-nested PCR