OBJECTIVEThis review aims to provide an overview of conventional and novel indices used in clinical and research arenas for evaluation of right ventricular (RV) function in congenital heart diseases with a dual-chambered circulation.

DATA SOURCESArticles cited in this review were selected using PubMed search of publications in English with no date limits. The search terms included "echocardiography", "right ventricle", "RV function", "cardiac function", and "congenital heart disease". Key references were also searched for additional publications.

STUDY SELECTIONArticles related to description of echocardiographic techniques in the evaluation of subpulmonary or systemic RV function and their applications in congenital cardiac malformations were retrieved and reviewed.

RESULTSThree approaches have been used to evaluate subpulmonary and systemic RV function: (1) assessment of changes in RV size in the cardiac cycle, (2) determination of Doppler-derived velocities and systolic and diastolic time intervals, and (3) quantification of myocardial velocities and deformation.

CONCLUSIONSConventional and novel echocardiographic techniques enable the evaluation of subpulmonary and systemic RV function. Novel echocardiographic techniques have further allowed quantification of RV volumes and direct interrogation of myocardial deformation. These new techniques show promise in a more comprehensive evaluation beyond "eye-balling" of RV function in the growing population of adolescent and adult congenital heart patients.

Echocardiography ; methods ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Ventricular Function, Right ; physiology

The optimal plane for measurement of the right ventricular (RV) volumes by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) was determined and the feasibility and accuracy of RT3DE in studying RV systolic function was assessed. RV "Full volume" images were acquired by RT3DE in 22 healthy subjects. RV end-diastolic volumes (RVEDV) and end-systolic volumes (RVESV) were outlined using apical biplane, 4-plane, 8-plane, 16-plane offline separately. RVSV and RVEF were calculated. Meanwhile tricuspid annual systolic excursion (TASE) was measured by M-mode echo. LVSV was outlined by 2-D echo according to the biplane Simpson's rule. The results showed: (1) There was a good correlation between RVSV measured from series planes and LVSV from 2-D echo (r = 0.73; r = 0.69; r = 0.63; r = 0.66, P < O. 25-0. 0025); (2) There were significant differences between RVEDV in biplane and those in 4-, 8-, 16-plane (P < 0.001). There was also difference between RV volume in 4-plane and that in 8-plane (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between RV volume in 8-plane and that in 16-plane (P > 0.05); (3) Inter-observers and intro-observers variability analysis showed that there were close agreements and relations for RV volumes (r = 0.986, P < 0.001; r = 0.93, P < 0.001); (4) There was a significantly positive correlation of TASE to RVSV and RVEF from RT3DE (r = 0.83; r = 0.90). So RV volume measures with RT3DE are rapid, accurate and reproducible. In view of RV's complex shape, apical 8-plane method is better in clinical use. It may allow early detection of RV systolic function.
Cardiac Volume ; Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional ; Electrocardiography ; Systole ; Ventricular Function, Right/*physiology

Adult ; Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Heart Ventricles ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Stroke Volume ; physiology ; Ventricular Function ; Ventricular Function, Left ; Ventricular Function, Right

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular (RV)-arterial uncoupling is a powerful independent predictor of prognosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Coronary artery disease (CAD) can contribute to the pathophysiological characteristics of HFpEF. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of RV-arterial uncoupling in acute HFpEF patients with CAD. METHODS: This prospective study included 250 consecutive acute HFpEF patients with CAD. Patients were divided into RV-arterial uncoupling and coupling groups by the optimal cutoff value, based on a receiver operating characteristic curve of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion to pulmonary artery systolic pressure (TAPSE/PASP). The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, recurrent ischemic events, and HF hospitalizations. RESULTS: TAPSE/PASP ≤0.43 provided good accuracy in identifying patients with RV-arterial uncoupling (area under the curve, 0.731; sensitivity, 61.4%; and specificity, 76.6%). Of the 250 patients, 150 and 100 patients could be grouped into the RV-arterial coupling (TAPSE/PASP >0.43) and uncoupling (TAPSE/PASP ≤0.43) groups, respectively. Revascularization strategies were slightly different between groups; the RV-arterial uncoupling group had a lower rate of complete revascularization (37.0% [37/100] vs . 52.7% [79/150], P <0.001) and a higher rate of no revascularization (18.0% [18/100] vs . 4.7% [7/150], P <0.001) compared to the RV-arterial coupling group. The cohort with TAPSE/PASP ≤0.43 had a significantly worse prognosis than the cohort with TAPSE/PASP >0.43. Multivariate Cox analysis showed TAPSE/PASP ≤0.43 as an independent associated factor for the primary endpoint, all-cause death, and recurrent HF hospitalization (hazard ratios [HR]: 2.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44-3.39, P <0.001; HR: 3.32, 95% CI: 1.30-8.47, P = 0.012; and HR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.10-3.37, P = 0.021, respectively), but not for recurrent ischemic events (HR: 1.48, 95% CI: 0.75-2.90, P = 0.257). CONCLUSION RV-arterial uncoupling, based on TAPSE/PASP, is independently associated with adverse outcomes in acute HFpEF patients with CAD.
Humans ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Stroke Volume/physiology* ; Echocardiography, Doppler/adverse effects* ; Coronary Artery Disease/complications* ; Heart Failure ; Pulmonary Artery/diagnostic imaging* ; Ventricular Function, Right/physiology* ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Right

To assess right ventricular free wall longitudinal myocardium deformation and examine the changes with normal age by speckle tracking imaging (STI), myocardial systolic peak strain (epsilon), systolic peak strain rate (SRs), early diastolic peak strain rate (SRe), late diastolic peak strain rate (SRa), the ratio of SRe/SRa were measured in the basal, middle and apical segments of right ventricular free wall in 75 healthy volunteers (age range: 21-71 y) by STI from the apical 4-chamber view. RV longitudinal strain and strain rate were highest in the basal segment of the free wall. Older subjects had lower early diastolic strain rate (SRe) than younger subjects, but they had higher late diastolic strain rate (SRa). A negative correlation between age and the ratio of SRe/SRa was found in all RV free wall segments (r=-0.466 - -0.614, P<0.01). It is concluded that RV diastolic strain rate changes with age and STI can be used for the study of RV myocardial deformation.
Age Factors ; Diagnostic Imaging/*methods ; Echocardiography/methods ; Heart/physiology ; Models, Statistical ; Myocardial Contraction ; Myocardium/*pathology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Stress, Mechanical ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Right ; Ventricular Function, Right

OBJECTIVETo investigate the value of Tei index and the sensitivity of left versus right ventricular Tei index in evaluating the fetal cardiac function in pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome in the third trimester.

METHODSFetal echocardiograms were performed in 30 women with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) syndrome and 55 with normal pregnancy of the third trimester. Tei index was obtained by calculating the ratio of the isovolumic time (isovolumic contraction and relaxation time) to the ejection time of the left and right ventricle. Comparisons of the Tei index were made between the PIH group and control group, and also between the left and right ventricles in each group.

RESULTSSignificant difference was found in the left and right ventricular Tei index between PIH group and control group. No difference was noted between the left and right ventricular Tei index in the PIH group.

CONCLUSIONSTei index is a useful indicator in evaluating fetal global cardiac function, for which purpose the left ventricular Tei index can be as sensitive as the right ventricular Tei index.

Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Fetal Heart ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal ; Ventricular Function, Left ; physiology ; Ventricular Function, Right ; physiology

Based on our previous electrical heart model, an electromechanical biventricular model was constructed by means of composite material theory and the finite element method. And the 3-D motion of the right ventricular wall was simulated based on this model. The orientation of cardiac fibers and myocardial contractility were taken into consideration during simulation modeling. The propagation of electrical excitation was simulated using an electrical heart model, and the resulting active forces was used to calculate the ventricular wall motion. Regional deformation and Lagrangian strain tensors were calculated during systole. Displacements, minimum principal strains were used to describe the motion of the right ventricle. The simulation results are in good accordance with results obtained from MR tagging images reported in literatures. In addition, the results also show that although the maximum displacement occurs in the base of the heart, however, the maximum contraction occurs in the apex of the heart. Such result is very difficult to be obtained by means of animal experiment or human experiment. This study suggests that such electrophysiologic-mechanical biventricular models have the important significance to be used to assess the mechanical functions of the two ventricles.
Computer Simulation ; Electrophysiology ; Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Movement ; Myocardial Contraction ; physiology ; Ventricular Function, Right ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo determine the normal value of right ventricle using one beat full-volume real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) and assess the feasibility of this technique.

METHODSOne beat full volume images were acquired at the apical 4 chamber view in 129 healthy volunteers. The right and left ventricular volumes were examined with the eSie LVA and RVA. The subjects were divided into 2 gender groups (male and female) and 3 age groups (20 - 39 years old, 40 - 59 years old, 60 years old and above).

RESULTSAdequate data were obtained in 129 subjects. The RV-EDV was (92.4 ± 21.3) ml, RV-ESV (34.6 ± 9.2) ml, RV-SV (57.8 ± 13.9) ml, RV-EF (62.5 ± 5.0) ml. EDV, ESV, and EF were significant different while SV was similar between RV and LV (all P < 0.05). RV-EDV (r = 0.517, P = 0.001), RV-ESV (r = 0.588, P = 0.001) and RV-SV(r = 0.409, P = 0.001) were correlated well with BSA. RV-EDV, RV-ESV and RV-SV were significantly higher in males than in females (all P < 0.001). RV-EDV, RV-SV and RV-EF decreased with aging (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSRight ventricle function can be measured noninvasively by RT-3DE with high feasibility. This novel method contributes to the detailed study of right heart function in various cardiovascular diseases.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ventricular Function, Right ; physiology ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDRight ventricular function plays an important role in the hemodynamic derangement during off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery. Pressure-volume loops have been shown to provide load-independent information of cardiac function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of construction of right ventricular pressure-volume loops with pressure and volume data measured by a volumetric pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) and to evaluate right ventricular systolic and diastolic function by end-systolic elastance (E(ES)) and end-diastolic stiffness (E(ED)) in OPCAB surgery.

METHODSTwenty-eight patients who underwent OPCAB surgery were included. After anesthesia induction, a volumetric PAC was placed via the right internal jugular vein. Data were recorded at: anesthesia steady-state before skin incision (T1); 5 minutes after the stabilizer device was placed for anastomosis on the heart's anterior wall (T2), lateral wall (T3), posterior wall (T4), respectively; after sternal closure (T5). Three sets of data were collected at each time point: first, hemodynamic variables were measured; second, right ventricular E(ES) and E(ED) were calculated; third, right ventricular pressure-volume loops were constructed with pressure and volume data measured from end-diastole point, end-isovolumic systole point, peak-ejection point, end-systole point and end-isovolumic diastole point.

RESULTSRight ventricular pressure-volume loops generally shifted to the left during OPCAB surgery. Especially, the end-diastolic point shifted upward and to the left at T2-T5 compared with that at T1. Decrease in right ventricular ejection fraction, stroke volume index and end-diastolic volume index occurred (P < 0.05) at T4 compared with values at T1. Pulmonary vascular resistance index at T4 increased relatively compared with that at T2 and T3. The change of E(ES) was not statistically significant during operation. Right atrial pressure increased only during coronary anastomoses (T2-T4, P < 0.05), whereas E(ED) increased throughout OPCAB surgery (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSRight ventricular pressure-volume loops can be constructed using a volumetric PAC. Right ventricular systolic dysfunction occurred during anastomoses on the heart's posterior wall not due to impaired myocardial contractility but as a result of reduced preload and a relative increase in afterload. Right ventricular diastolic function was impaired throughout OPCAB surgery.

Aged ; Blood Pressure ; Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump ; methods ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ventricular Function, Right ; physiology

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the superiority, feasibility and clinical signifi cance of the four-dimensional spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) in detection of the right ventricle function of fetus. METHODS: Th e STIC dynamic images of 180 normal fetal hearts at 24+0 to 37+6 weeks of gestation were obtained by the three-dimensional (3D) probe. Th e post-process evaluation was done off -line with the virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL) software. The computer recorded the right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDV), right ventricular end-systolic volume (RVESV), and then calculated the right stroke volume (RSV), the right cardiac output (RCO) and the right ejection fraction (REF). RCO was standardized by biometric measurements obtained at prenatal screening, including head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL) and estimated fetal weight (EFW). RESULTS: The overall successful rate in image acquisition was 83.89% and the repeatability was favorable. After the standardization of fetal biometric parameters (HC, AC, FL) and the right ventricle function indexes (RVEDV, RVESV, RSV), RCO was increased with the gestational age while the REF and RCO/EFW fluctuated within a certain range. CONCLUSION STIC technique can accurately and objectively measure the fetal ventricular volume and it might be a potential strategy in the clinical assessment of the fetal cardiac function.
Biometry ; Female ; Fetal Heart ; diagnostic imaging ; physiology ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Stroke Volume ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal ; Ventricular Function, Right