This study was carried out to analyse retrospectively the data of 1,349 patients receiving antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) distributed drug wise into subtherapeutic, therapeutic, toxic and not detectable ranges. Patients were divided into three groups based on the monotherapy they received. In Phenytoin group (n=1255), 26.4% were found to be in therapeutic range, 51.6% in the subtherapeutic range and 20.6% in the toxic range. For Carbamazepine (n=63), 52.4% were in the therapeutic range, 14.3% were in subtherapeutic range, 31.7% in the toxic range and 1.6% were undetectable. Phenobarbitone levels (n=31) were found to be 64.5% in therapeutic range, 22.6% in subtherapeutic range, 9.7% in toxic range and 3.2% in the undetectable range. In 100 patients of phenytoin analyses which were under good seizure control and free of adverse effects, 46% were found to be in therapeutic range, 31% were in subtherapeutic range and 23% were found to be in toxic range. On the basis of this data, it is recommended that therapeutic drug monitoring should be carried out in all patients receiving AEDs for better overall management and long term clinical outcome.

PURPOSE: Both chronic periodontitis (CP) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) induce oxidative stress in the body and cause an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). This study explored the SOD enzyme activity of saliva and serum in CP patients with and without IDA and analyzed the impact of IDA on CP. METHODS: A total of 82 patients were divided into four groups: control group (CG, 22), periodontally healthy IDA patients (IDA-PH, 20), CP patients (CP, 20), and IDA patients with CP (IDA-CP, 20). After clinical measurements and samplings, serum and salivary SOD levels were determined using an SOD assay kit. RESULTS: IDA-CP patients exhibited a higher gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and percentage (%) of sites with a clinical attachment loss (CAL) of > or =6 mm (P<0.008) than CP patients. The mean salivary and serum SOD levels were significantly lower in the IDA-PH, CP, and IDA-CP patients than in the CG group (P<0.008). A significant positive correlation between salivary and serum SOD activity was observed in IDA (P<0.05). Furthermore, serum and salivary SOD levels were significantly and negatively correlated with all periodontal parameters including the percentage of sites with CAL of 4-5 and > or =6 mm (P<0.05) except the significant correlation between salivary SOD activity and mean CAL and the percentage of sites with CAL of 4-5 mm (P>0.05) in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this study, it may be suggested that IDA patients with chronic periodontitis have more periodontal breakdowns than patients with chronic periodontitis. Serum and salivary SOD activity levels were lower in the IDA-PH, CP and IDA-CP groups than in the CG. Iron deficiency anemia influenced the serum SOD activity but did not seem to affect the salivary SOD activity in these patients.
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency* ; Antioxidants ; Chronic Periodontitis* ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Iron* ; Oxidative Stress ; Periodontal Index ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Saliva ; Superoxide Dismutase* ; Superoxides*