The vaginal microbiota is a complex and dynamic environment that plays an important role in the healthy reproduction of women. The mechanism of unexplained infertility is not yet clear, and the imbalance and low stability of vaginal microbiota may be related to unexplained infertility. Taking probiotic composite preparations to restore normal vaginal microbiota may be a safe and natural method for treating unexplained infertility. This article reviews the probiotic composite preparations used in the treatment of unexplained infertility both domestically and internationally, including the isolation site of the bacterial species, the use method of the composite preparation, the course of treatment, and the final therapeutic effect, aiming to provide a basis for the clinical application of probiotic composite preparations in the treatment of unexplained infertility.
Female ; Humans ; Infertility, Female/microbiology* ; Vagina/microbiology* ; Microbiota

The vaginal microbiota is a complex and dynamic environment that plays an important role in the healthy reproduction of women. The mechanism of unexplained infertility is not yet clear, and the imbalance and low stability of vaginal microbiota may be related to unexplained infertility. Taking probiotic composite preparations to restore normal vaginal microbiota may be a safe and natural method for treating unexplained infertility. This article reviews the probiotic composite preparations used in the treatment of unexplained infertility both domestically and internationally, including the isolation site of the bacterial species, the use method of the composite preparation, the course of treatment, and the final therapeutic effect, aiming to provide a basis for the clinical application of probiotic composite preparations in the treatment of unexplained infertility.
Female ; Humans ; Infertility, Female/microbiology* ; Vagina/microbiology* ; Microbiota

Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal ; microbiology ; Communicable Diseases ; microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Microbiota ; physiology ; Vagina ; microbiology ; Vaginitis ; microbiology ; Vaginosis, Bacterial ; microbiology

BACKGROUNDThe normal microbial flora of the vagina plays an important role in preventing genital and urinary tract infections in women. Thus an accurate understanding of the composition and ecology of the ecosystem is important to understanding the etiology of these diseases. This study aimed to compare the characteristics of main lactobacillus species between healthy women and women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) by quantitative culture and PCR methods. Main lactobacillus species include L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. jensenii and L. iners.

METHODSA total of 150 women attending Gynecology Outpatient Clinic of Beijing Friendship Hospital, were diagnosed as having BV because three or more of the following criteria were met (standard of Amsel's composite criteria): homogeneous discharge, elevated vaginal pH (pH > 4.5), production of amines, and presence of "clue" cells. Those with less than three of the criteria were considered as healthy. Simultaneously, smears were made of vaginal fluid and Gram stained, then were assessed qualitatively as normal (grade I), intermediate (grade II), or consistent with BV (grade III). Gardnerella vaginalis were identified by using Vitek 2 Compact and PCR methods. Lactobacillus species were identified by PCR methods. Gardnerella vaginalis and lactobacilli colony counts were determined by calculating the most number of colonies of each species in the appropriate plates (colonies between 10 and 300), corrected by the dilution of the sample in the plates, and multiplied by 10 (to account for plating 100 microl), in order to get colony forming units per milliliter of vaginal secretion.

RESULTSBV was diagnosed in 31% (46/150) patients using the composite criteria, the remainder being regarded as healthy. The majority of patients with BV had a smear assessed as grade III (91%, 42/46) and minority of them had a smear assessed as grade II (9%, 4/46). The majority of healthy women had a smear assessed as grade I (64%, 67/104). Smears assessed as grade II were found (36%, 37/104) among patients diagnosed as healthy, with less than three of the composite criteria. L. crispatus was cultured from 94% of healthy women and 83% of women with BV, with the former colonies count average value of 10(6) and the latter of 10(3). L. gasseri, L. iners, and L. jensenii were cultured from 85%, 68% and 43% of healthy women; and 28%, 89% and 44% of BV women, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe quantities of four lactobacillus species except L. jensenii had a significant difference between healthy women and women with BV. Our results provide support for the negative association between L. iners and L. gasseri. Although L. crispatus were existent both in healthy and BV positive women's vagina, the numbers of L. crispatus were significantly different for the dominant number in healthy women. Smears of vaginal fluid and Gram stain play an important guiding role in bacteria culture.

Adult ; Female ; Gardnerella vaginalis ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Lactobacillus ; isolation & purification ; Middle Aged ; Vagina ; microbiology ; Vaginosis, Bacterial ; microbiology

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the specific microbial signatures in vaginal fluid. METHODS: Vaginal fluid （16 samples）, saliva （16 samples）, feces （16 samples）, semen （8 samples）, peripheral blood （8 samples）, urine （5 samples）, and nasal secretion （4 samples） were collected respectively. The 16S rRNA genes of Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus iners, and Atopobium vaginae were amplified. PCR production was detected via a 3130xl Genetic Analyzer. RESULTS: The detected number of Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus iners, and Atopobium vaginae were 15, 5, 8, 14, and 3 in all vaginal fluid samples, respectively. Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus jensenii existed specifically in vaginal fluid. CONCLUSIONS There is a potential application value to detect Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus jensenii for the identification of vaginal fluid.
Actinobacteria/classification* ; Blood/microbiology* ; Body Fluids/microbiology* ; Feces/microbiology* ; Female ; Genes, Bacterial ; Humans ; Lactobacillus/classification* ; Nasal Cavity/microbiology* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics* ; Saliva/microbiology* ; Semen/microbiology* ; Vagina/microbiology*

Female ; Humans ; Lactobacillus ; drug effects ; Ozone ; pharmacology ; Vagina ; microbiology ; Water ; chemistry ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether four (4) feminine hygiene wash products maintain normal vaginal pH and are acceptable among reproductive and menopausal age women.

METHODS: A randomized, double blind, three-period, three-way crossover trial on 90 reproductive age women and 30 menopausal women measuring external and internal vaginal pH levels and product acceptability after using different feminine wash for 3 weeks.

RESULTS: There were significant differences in mean change in internal vaginal pH values among the three feminine wash products (p=0.0392) in the reproductive age group. Majority of the subjects expressed 'extreme satisfaction' on the different features of the products. In the menopausal age group, there was a statistically significant difference in mean pH change in the external genitalia (p=0.0279). Feminine Wash 4 appeared to be most acceptable.

CONCLUSION: Using feminine wash may help maintain vaginal pH levels within the physiologic range thus prevents vaginal infections. Good acceptability of use among the subjects implies good compliance and therefore, a practice that can be adopted on a long-term basis as part of a woman's good hygienic practice.

Human ; Female ; Feminine Hygiene Products ; Genitalia ; Female ; Hydrogen-ion Concentration ; Menopause ; Vagina ; Microbiology

OBJECTIVETo discuss the main parasitic position of Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis (Mh) in female genital tract.

METHODSUsing the standard aseptic cotton swab to collect secretion in vaginal fornix and orificium internum uteri, to culture Uu and Mh in Mycoplasma ID medium of France Bio-Merieux Co. According to double-direction quality reaction sequential test design, detection results of different position were analyzed.

RESULTSTotal positive and > or = 10(4) ccu/ml positive of Uu in vaginal fornix were significantly higher than that in orificium internum uteri. Total positive of Mh in vaginal fornix was significantly higher than that in orificium internum uteri as well.

CONCLUSIONIn order to raise the detectable rate of Mycoplasma, we suggested that the secretion in vaginal fornix position be collected.

Female ; Humans ; Mycoplasma Infections ; diagnosis ; microbiology ; Mycoplasma hominis ; isolation & purification ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ureaplasma Infections ; diagnosis ; microbiology ; Ureaplasma urealyticum ; isolation & purification ; Uterine Diseases ; microbiology ; Uterus ; microbiology ; Vagina ; microbiology ; Vaginal Diseases ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of baicalin against Candida albicans germ tube formation, and adherence to buccal epitherial and vaginal epitherial cells.

METHODVarious concentrations of baicalin (100, 50, 10 mg x L(-1)) were incubated with C. albicans suspension, the mixed suspension of C. albicans and human buccal epitherial cells, the mixed suspension of C. albicans and vaginal epitherial cells, respectively. The effects of baicalin on C. albicans germ tube formation, and adherence to buccal epitherial and vaginal epitherial cells were then assessed microscopically.

RESULTAll concentrations of baicalin could inhibit C. albicans germ tube formation, and adherent to buccal epitherial and vaginal epitherial cells,while there was no significant difference between standard and clinical strains.

CONCLUSIONBaicalin could inhibit C. albicans germ tube formation, and adherence to buccal epitherial and vaginal epitherial cells.

Adult ; Anti-Infective Agents ; pharmacology ; Candida albicans ; drug effects ; growth & development ; physiology ; Candidiasis ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Cheek ; microbiology ; Epithelial Cells ; microbiology ; Female ; Flavonoids ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Mouth Mucosa ; microbiology ; Vagina ; microbiology ; Young Adult

Objective: To explore the characteristics and correlations of vaginal flora in women with cervical lesions. Methods: A total of 132 women, including 41 women diagnosed with normal cervical (NC), 39 patients with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 1), 37 patients with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2/3) and 15 patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), who came from the gynecological clinic of Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University during January 2018 to June 2018, were enrolled in this study according to the inclusive and exclusive criteria strictly. The vaginal flora was detected by 16S rDNA sequencing technology. Co-occurrence network analysis was used to investigate the Spearman correlations between different genera of bacteria. Results: The dominant bacteria in NC, CIN 1 and CIN 2/3 groups were Lactobacillus [constituent ratios 79.4% (1 869 598/2 354 098), 63.6% (1 536 466/2 415 100) and 58.3% (1 342 896/2 301 536), respectively], while Peptophilus [20.4% (246 072/1 205 154) ] was the dominant bacteria in SCC group. With the aggravation of cervical lesions, the diversity of vaginal flora gradually increased (Shannon index: F=6.39, P=0.001; Simpson index: F=3.95, P=0.012). During the cervical lesion progress, the ratio of Lactobacillus gradually decreased, the ratio of other anaerobes such as Peptophilus, Sneathia, Prevotella and etc. gradually increased, and the differential bacteria (LDA score >3.5) gradually evolved from Lactobacillus to other anaerobes. The top 10 relative abundance bacteria, spearman correlation coefficient>0.4 and P<0.05 were selected. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that Prevotella, Peptophilus, Porphyrinomonas, Anaerococcus, Sneathia, Atopobium, Gardnerella and Streptococcus were positively correlated in different stages of cervical lesions, while Lactobacillus was negatively correlated with the above anaerobes. It was found that the relationship between vaginal floras in CIN 1 group was the most complex and only Peptophilus was significantly negatively correlated with Lactobacillus in SCC group. Conclusions: The increased diversity and changed correlations between vaginal floras are closely related to cervical lesions. Peptophilus is of great significance in the diagnosis, prediction and early warning of cervical carcinogenesis.
Female ; Humans ; Vagina/microbiology* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics* ; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia ; Cervix Uteri ; Lactobacillus/genetics* ; Papillomavirus Infections