The exposition of the anatomy of the body has four aspects: (a) the anatomical presentation of the quantities of the bodily constituents; (b) the anatomical presentation of the circulatory system; (c) the anatomical presentation of the delicate, vital points; and (d) the anatomical presentation of thepathways and orifices. The amount of wind (in the body) would fill the urinary bladder whilst the quantity of bile wouldfill the scrotum.1 The quantity of phlegm would fill three cupped handfuls and the amounts of bloodand stool would each fill seven cupped handfuls. The amounts of urine and lymph would each fill fourcupped handfuls whereas the quantities of body oil and fat would each fill two cupped handfuls. Thequantities of nutritive essence and semen would each fill a single handful whilst the amount of brain would fill a single cupped handful. The quantity of flesh is five hundred fist-sizes with the (total) addition of twenty fist-sizes for the thighs and breasts of women and (the amount of menstrual bloodin women would fill two cupped handfuls). The quantity of bones includes twenty-three types. The spinal column consists of twenty-eightvertebrae whilst the ribs number twenty-four. There are thirty-two teeth, three hundred and sixtyfractional bones, twelve types of major joints, two hundred and ten minor joints, sixteen (large)ligaments (behind the knees, in the ankles, in the ante cubital fossae and in the wrists, two adjacent tothe spine, two inside the spine, two in the throat and two in the neck) and nine hundred tendons. There are twenty-one thousand hairs (on the head) and (thirty-five) million hair-pores [sevenmillion above the neck, three million five-hundred thousand on each limb and fourteen million on therest of the body]. Also there are five vital organs, six vessel organs and nine orifices. The ideal size of the (human) body on earth is six feet square (four cubits) (from head to toe and fromfingertips to fingertips of outstretched arms), whereas a malformed body is three and a half of its ownforearm span square.

Type 2 diabetes is known to be associated with elevated cardiovascular mortality and central pathological mechanism in is the process of atherosclerosis, which leads to narrowing of arterial walls throughout the body. Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) was developed as an index of arterial stiffness independently of early atherosclerosis. The aim of the study is to evaluate the correlation of arterial stiffness and atherosclerotic riskfactors patients with Type 2 DM. We used hospital-based onetime cross-sectional study for 52 type 2 DM patients aged 27-55 (mean age 46.7 ± 7.2) who were involved. Materials are collected by questionnaire, physicalexamination, blood analyzes and arterial stiffness is measured by VaSera VS-1000 device. Our result showed that CAVI was statistically significant on age (r=0.65 p=0.001), duration of disease (r=0.32 p=0.021), , systolic pressure (r = 0.54 p = 0.001), diastolic pressure (r = 0.54 p=0.001), red blood cell (r=0.31, p=0.02) , hematocrit (r=0.32, p=0.02) respectively. CAVI, Bodymass index and visceral fat were significantly higher in patients with hypertension than patients with normotensive.This result suggests that age, hypertension and hematocrits improve arterial stiffness in type 2diabetic patients. So it’s necessary to reduce the obesity and control the hypertension in type 2 diabetic patients to prevent from cardiovascular disease.

BackgroundSurgery correction is necessarily required for complete cure of congenital and acquired heart diseases. Introduction of extracorporeal circulation method into practice has allowed to correct small sized atrial septal defects, as well as to compensate large atrial septal defects with synthetic organ or pericardium. The study on acid-base balance during the cardiac correction with extracorporeal circulation to treat heart disorders will allow to control and stabilize acid-base balance, and ensure the normal functioning of organism during the operation. Subsequently, it may serve as basic information for prevention from complications during and after surgery.Materials and MethodsTotally 75 patients who are subjected to cardiac correction of atrial septals defects were involved in the survey. Blood samples were taken in 3 stages (at the beginning, in the process of surgery and at the end) since extracorporeal circulation was established, and subsequently it was determined blood acid-base (ðÍ), blood carbon partial pressure (ÐÑÎ2), blood oxygen partial pressure (ÐÎ2), base excess (ÂÅ) and blood base bicarbonate (ÍÑÎ3).ResultsThe amount of pH and pCO2 contained in blood during the extracorporeal circulation are most likely (p<0.001) differed statistically at the beginning, in the process, and at the ending part. At the beginning and during the process of correction there were revealed sub-compensated alkalosis whereas at the end of procedure there was sub-compensated acidosis. Also under influence of body temperature, the pH and pCO2 are statistically changed.Conclusions:1. Even pH was achieving in normal range before stopping the extracorporeal circulation, there has demand to rearranging system because of there has acidosis and alkalosis are coming out. 2. The buffer system such as pCO2 and BE are working for repairing the repiratory and metabolic alkalosis and acidosis by holding pH in normal range while at the beginning, in the process and at the end in stages of extracorporeal circulation.

To measure hardness of bone density, and study its relationship with serum calcium, phosphorus, Calcitonin levels and urine calcium level.Pre-designed questionnaire is used to reveal any risk factors associated with osteoporosis and also BMI is evaluated based on measurements of weight, height, bust and waist circumference. Study participants were measured their bone mass density of wrist and shin by ultrasound ( Sunlight MiniOmni, Beammed, USA). Serum calcium and phosphorus levels were analyzed by automatedbiochemical analyzer, Integra 800, according to the adhered protocol to the machine. New, clean urine containers were distributed to participant a day before urine test day and middle part of urine is collected into the container. The urine calcium level was analyzed by automated biochemical analyzer, Cobas Integra 800, according to the machine protocol. Calcitonin level was analyzed by ELISA kit by Eu cardio company of United States.Total of 80 people ages 26 to 87 from Ulaanbaatar were participated for this study. 29 (36.3%) ofthem were males whereas, 51 (63.8%) of them were females. Serum calcium average level was2.0+-0.2mmol/L, serum phosphorus average level was 0.8+-0.1mmol/L while urine calcium level was 3.9+-2.5mmol/L. According to our result, bone mass density was related to age (r=-0.495), serum calcium level has statistically important relationship (p<0.05) with bone mass density (r=-0.326), age(r=0.277), serum phosphorus (r=0.351), and urine calcium level (r=-0.316). Measurement above did not have statistically important relationship with Calcitonin level.Osteoclast might be dominating in osteoporosis since bone mass density is decreasing while serum calcium level is increasing along with aging.

IntroductionOsteoporosis is becoming an increasingly important economic and public health problem as ourpopulation ages. Different results are reported about osteoporosis rate among various geographicalzones and ethnic groups even in same country. These differences cannot be attributed to hormonalstate or to the dietary intake of calcium, but do accord in general with the living standards of the differentcountries and the degree of physical activity undertaken by the different populations and sexes.GoalTo determine the osteoporosis rate among Mongolian adults and evaluate the geographical distributionsof osteoporosis rateMaterials and MethodsOur study group was 1990 adults who are over 18 years and participated from Uvs, Arkhangai, Dundgovi,Sukhbaatar province and Ulaanbaatar. We have evaluated serum PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D level andbone mineral density via bone sonometer (Sunlight Mini-Omni, Beammed, USA). Lifestyle risk factorswere evaluated through a specific questionnaire.ResultsThe osteoporosis rate is 25.5% (n=507) among Mongolian adults and 2 times higher in women thanmen in all age group. SOS was inversely correlated with age in both sexes (men: r=-0.286, p<0.01,women: r=-0.513, p<0.01). Osteoporosis rate was lowest in Ulaanbaatar but highest in Arkhangai(male osteoporosis) and Dundgovi province (female osteoporosis). Of 25-hydroxyvitamin D values 29%were below 20ng/ml (deficient), 39.8% ranged from 20-29.9ng/ml (insufficient) and 31.2% were above30ng/ml (sufficient). In addition, 25-hydroxivitamin D concentrations were not related to bone density.Serum 25-hydroxivitamin D level was highest in Dundgovi province in both sexes. Mean PTH level was26.0±17.7pg/ml and inversely correlated with T-score (r=-0.248, p<0.01) in men.ConclusionOsteoporosis rate among Mongolian adult is lowest in Ulaanbaatar comparing to other rural areas. Andserum 25-hydroxivitamin D deficiency is 68.8% in Mongolian adults.

BACKGROUND: According to International osteoporosis foundation report, osteoporosis is a multifactorial condition associated with an increased risk of fracture and is caused by social, behavioral and physiological factors. Overall incidence is increasing in every country due to people’s life style changes, diet and increased life expectancy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the some hormonal effects in bone mineral density among Mongolian population. METHODS: Bone density was measured in the distal one third of radius using the Sunlight Omnisense (Sunlight Medical, Rehovot, Israel) and classified into 3 groups according to WHO osteoporosis criteria. Normal participants were selected into control group and osteoporotic participants were selected into control group. We have evaluated PTH, calcitonin, 25-hydroxy vitamin D in case-control group. RESULT: The prevalence of osteoporosis was 25.7% and 25.3% of participants were osteopenic. It was clear that PTH elevated group (>30.3pg/ml) had more risk of osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of osteoporosis was 25.7% and 25.3% of participants were osteopenic. PTH elevation is risk factor in men.

BACKGROUND. According to the International osteoporosis foundation, the incidence of osteoporose in men is increasing rapidly. Some investigations mention the serum testosterone hormone decreases by aging and may cause of osteoporose. Our study was aimed to evaluate relation between serum total testosterone and bone mineral density in men. MATEREALS AND METHOD. Relatively healthy 624 men aged between 18-87 were randomly selected from Mongolian 4 provinces and Ulaanbaatar city. Specially designed questionnaire was used in the survey. And some of measurement, Weight, height and BMI, was measured. Bone mass density was diagnosed according to the WHO criteria by the T-score. Serum total testosterone level were described by using ELISA kit (Eucardio Laboratory, Inc. USA) at the laboratory of MHI.The statistical result was analyzed by SPSS 22 program. RESULTS. The subjects mean age was 48.56±16.63, with a range of 18-87. The mean SOS was -4055.23±228.89. And the osteoporse was 14.6% (n=91) in all of participants. 152 participants were randomly selected from all participants and classified 2 groups(case and control) according to WHO osteoporosis criteria and evaluated relation between serum total testosterone and bone mineral density. The mean of serum total testosterone level was significantly low (8.80±2.67) in case group than (9.33±2.44) control group (p<0.05). Our study showed that positive correlation between bone mass density values at testosterone hormone (r=0.17 p<0.034). CONCLUSION. Our study showed decreased serum total testosterone hormone affected to decrease of bone mineral density.

Background: Hyperferritinemia, characterized by elevated serum ferritin levels, affects approximately 5–25% of the general population. Given the frequent coexistence of liver iron overload syndrome and metabolic syndrome—both of which significantly contribute to global morbidity and mortality—it is essential to investigate their interconnections. However, there is a lack of sufficient evidence, both in Mongolia and internationally, regarding the relationship between iron storage indicators, metabolic syndrome, and its components. A deeper understanding of iron’s role in disease progression is needed. Aim: This study aims to assess the association between hyperferritinemia and metabolic syndrome parameters. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical observational study was conducted on 159 male participants who met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements were taken. Blood samples were analyzed to determine glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels using an automated biochemical analyzer. Serum ferritin concentrations were measured via the ELISA method (DRG Instruments GmbH, Germany), with hyperferritinemia defined as a serum ferritin level exceeding 400 ng/ ml. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on the Harmonized criteria. Statistical analyses included the chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data, and Spearman’s correlation test to assess relationships between glycemic levels, lipid parameters, and metabolic syndrome components. Results: The findings indicate that 59 participants (37.1%) had metabolic syndrome, while 33 (20.8%) presented with hyperferritinemia. The presence of metabolic syndrome and hyperglycemia increased the likelihood of developing hyperferritinemia by 3.4 and 3.7 times, respectively, whereas abdominal obesity raised the risk by 2.2 times. Conclusion There was a significant correlation between serum ferritin levels and certain parameters of metabolic syndrome among the male participants in this study.

Introduction: Khuumii (throat singing) is a unique form of art derived from the nomadic population of Central Asia, producing two or more “simultaneous” sounds and melodies through the organ of speech. Material and Methods: The aim of the study is to identify the anatomical structures involved in the formation of khuumii and the features and patterns of their functions and compare each type of khuumii as performed by Mongolian people. A total of 60 participants aged 18-60 years (54 men and 6 women) were selected by non-random sampling method using cross-sectional study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23 software using questionnaires, X-ray, endoscopy, sound research method, and general blood tests. Results: 90.7% of the khuumii singers were male and 9.3% were female. The average height of the participants was 172.91±0.93 cm (arithmetic mean and mean error), average body weight was 77.53±2.46 kg, and body mass index was 25.93±5.31 respectively. Heart rate was 92.19±20.71 per minute prior to khuumii while 133.19±19.09 after performing khuumii and 85.81-98.56 at 95% confidence interval. In terms of ethnicity (ethnographically), the Khalkh were the largest ethnic group (72.1%), followed by Bayad, Buryatia, Darkhad, Torguud, and Oirat (2.3%), respectively. 60.5% of the participants were professional khuumii singers who graduated from relevant universities and colleges. The process of Khuumii was recorded by X-ray examination, and laryngeal endoscopy evaluated the movement of true and false vocal chords, interstitial volume, movements of epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage, and mucosa. Khuumii increases the workload of the cardiovascular system by 70-80%. Furthermore, the sound frequency is 2-4 times higher than that of normal speech, and sound volume is 0.5-1 times higher. 95.3% of throat singers did not have a sore throat, 88.4% did not experience heavy breathing, and 74.1% had no hoarseness. During the formation of khuumii sound, thoracic cavity, diaphragm, and lungs regulate the intensity of the air reaching the vocal folds, exert pressure on the airways and vibrate the sound waves through air flows passing through the larynx and vocal folds. Mouth-nose cavity as well as pharynx are responsible for echoing the sound. Conclusion It is appropriate to divide khuumii into two main types according to structural and functional changes in the organs involved; shakhaa and kharkhiraa. Khuumii, the “Human music” originating from the people of Altai Khangai basin by imitating the sounds of nature with their own voice in ancient times, spread all over the world from Mongolia and it is proposed to classify khuumii into two main types of shakhaa and kharkhiraa in terms of structural involvement and functionality.

Background: Osteoporotic fractures remain a major concern for public health and the economy. Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by reduced bone density due to genetic, hormonal, mineral, and lifestyle factors. Although often asymptomatic, its primary complication is fractures, which lead to disability and loss of work capacity, impacting individuals, families, and society. In Mongolia, no long-term study has examined bone density changes and fracture risk factors, which forms the basis of this research. Aim: To assess 10-year changes in bone density and identify risk factors for fractures. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biomedicine, MNUMS. We have re-enrolled 133 adults from Ulaanbaatar between November 2023 and January 2024, originally part of the ‘Study of some risk and pathophysiological factors of osteoporosis in the Mongolian population’ funded by the Ministry of Health and the Science and Technology Fund of Mongolia. Data collection included questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, bone mineral density assessments using the ‘Sunlight Mini-Omni’ bone sonometer (Beammed, USA) Results: The mean age of participants was 54.4±9.6 years (N=133), with 33.1% (n=44) male and 66.9% (n=89) female. Among the participants, 51.1% had a history of bone fractures, with forearm fractures comprising 10.5% and other types of fractures accounting for 40.7%. The bone fractures was significantly higher among elderly individuals and those diagnosed with osteoporosis (p<0.05). The T-score was significantly lower in the fracture group than in the non-fracture group (p<0.05). Vitamin D deficiency was identified as a significant risk factor for fractures (p<0.05). Conclusion All participants’ bone density has decreased over the decade. Bone fractures are more common in elderly and people with osteoporosis. Inadequate vitamin D intake is a significant risk factor for bone fractures.