Abstract Bloodletting is a medical tradition that probably began in prehistoric times. Its rationale was based on the belief that removing blood eliminated “impure blood”. From antiquity until the beginning of the 20th century, bloodletting was considered a panacea, and it was the most common and versatile form of medical treatment. Not only was it believed to cure the sick, but also to promote vigor in the healthy. Some of the antient books of traditional medicine noted that the bloodletting tools is very importance when opening a vessel in order to bleed. Traditional medical bloodletting tools are one of the oldest archeological findings, and researchers have found many types of bloodletting tools in our country dated back thousands of years. Therefore, research on bloodletting tools an important component of bloodletting therapy, is of theoretical and practical importance. The location, indications, and tools of bloodletting therapy and bloodletting vessels are described in detail in the “Subsequent Tantra” of “Four Medical Tantras”, and its commentaries: Dar mo sman rams pa blo bzang chos grags “Dka’ phreng mun sel sgron”, Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho “Be edurya sngon po” and Luvsanchoinpil “Gces btus snying nor” so on. The first Mongolian surgical work is directly related to the historical tradition of bloodletting therapy. It is now known that the stone needles, which was discovered in the 3000th millennium BCE, may have originated from the Mongolia used to use in medicine as bloodletting tools. In the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, Mongolian medical bloodletting tools were passed down through India and Tibet medical books, and later the science of surgery and bloodletting therapy became more sophisticated and comprehensive knowledge. At the same time, it is clear that there is every reason to say that it has been enriched by the medical knowledge of the neighboring countries and improved by their own experience.

Fracture healing starts with a hematoma, continues with bone formation, and ends with bone remodeling. We decided to investigate the effects of Jonsh-5 composition on the serum level of TGF-β1 during fracture healing. A Wistar rats were utilized. K- wire was inserted into the femur in a retrograde fashion, and a mid-diaphyseal closed transverse fracture was created using method of Bonnarens & Einhorn (1984). All rats were randomly in three groups. Group 1 (Control group, n=26) was given normal food without any medicine. Group 2,3 ( each group n=26) were administered 0.625 mg calcium supplement and 1.3 g Jonsh-5 composition with normal food. Serum analysis, histological evaluations were performed at days 1, 7, 14 and 28 and after femur fracture according to the criteria proposed by Huo et al. Serum analysis , there was significant difference treatment effect between Group 3 (Jonsh-5 composition) and Groups 1,2 at days 3,7,14 and 28 days after fracture. The histological results demonstrated a significant stimulation of the fracture healing due to group 3 compared to group 1,2 at days 14 and 28 .Under studied conditions this investigation shows that administration of Jonsh-5 accelerate fracture healing process in rat femur

Abstract: In the late 16^th century, Tibetan medical schools which were based on Indian Ayurvedic medicine were spread in Mongolia when Buddhism was revived the third time in Mongolia. This was a brand new page in the history of the Mongolian health system. Monasteries were set up in every corner and larger monasteries had doctor’s schools to train tens of doctors. At the end of the 17^th century, Mongolian doctors, scholars started translating and explaining the fundamentals of Indian Ayurveda and Tibetan medicine and even established new branches (schools) blending the Tibetan theory and treatment methods with their empirical knowledge. Conclusion At that time, in the 18^th century, complete bases were established for the start of the golden period of Mongolian medical development which was characterized by theoretical and practical compliance with the “Four Medical Tantras”. Tens of books of this time were written in the Mongolian and Tibetan languages by Mongolian doctors and scholars alike. A new paradigm containing progress, unique opinions can be seen on pages of “The Mongolian Four Medical Tantras” written by Sumbe khamba Ishbaljor, and “Satisfaction for the Readers” or Uzegsdiin Bayasgalan by Jigmeddanzan jamts and “Secrets of Prescription Recipes” or Uvidasyn Dalai by Mindol Jambal. These scholars reflected new concepts that were not specifically clear in the Four Fundamentals such as warm and cold diseases, which were the basis to categorize cold and common diseases and treat them differently, and the theoretical and practical understanding of the categorization of infectious diseases, in their book.

Introduction: Diet therapy is based onbody constitution, disease conditions and seasonal influences in traditional medicine. Traditional principles of disease treatment and prevention with diet can be combined with conventional medical practices and may lead to a possibility of developing new treatment and preventive strategies. Objectives: To study the effects of interconnected factors of diet and season on some pathological changes of organ systems, we examined the effects of horse meat which has hot quality and goat meat which has cold quality on rat models of acute hepatitis induced by CCL4 and acute pulmonary edema induced by adrenalin hydrochloride in spring and autumn. Materials and methods: CCL4 (200 mg/kg) was was administered percutaneously to induce acute hepatitis in rats. Adrenalin hydrochloride (25 mg/kg) injected via the tail vein by slow injection to induce acute pulmonary edema in mice. Horse and goat meat were given for 14 days before the CCL4 and adrenalin hydrochloride administration. Renal activity was determined by measuring urine volume at every 6 hours. Results: Results of our study show that goat meat which has cold quality is more effective in autumn when a rise of bile element is occurred, and horse meat which has a cold quality is more effective in autumn when phlegm element rises. Horse meat increased pulmonary surfactant stabilitycoefficient by 54.73% in autumn while it increased that by 69.66% in spring. Decreased alveolar collapse and improved pulmonary surfactant stability by horse meat treatment support the concept of traditional medicine that diseases of the lungs, the phlegm dominant organs are treated with diet, medicine, and behavior with warm and oily qualities. In spring, urine excretion was increased in animalstreated with goat meat which has cold and oily qualities. Conclusions: 1. The “spring + horse meat” and “autumn + goat meat” versions of treatments more effectively decrease cytolysis during acute hepatocellular necrosis in animals administered CCL4. 2. Compare to goat meat, horse meat has more effects to decrease alveolar collapse and pulmonary edema in mice model of pulmonary edema induced by adrenalin hydrochloride. 3. “Goat meat + spring” version of treatment decreases urine excretion in experimental animals.

Jonsh-5 is composed of 5 components including calcite, Cardius crispus, Forsythia suspense, Terminalia Chebula, and Inula helenium. Aim of this study is to examine the effect of traditional drug Jonsh-5 on experimental femur fracture in rats. Jonsh-5 was given to rats for 28 days. Calcium D3-Nycomed (2.5 g/kg) was used for comparison. 2, 14, and 28 days after fracture, serum levels of alkaline phosphatase were determined and fracture healing processes were evaluated by X-ray. Serum level of alkaline phosphatase was 197 u/l before fracture. After 7 days of fracture, alkaline phosphatase level was significantly increased by Jonsh-5 (728 u/l) and there were no statistical differences observed in rats with no treatment (control) and Calcium D3-Nycomed-treated animals. Similar patterns were observed 14 and 21 days after fracture. X-ray images showed that healing process of the bone was significantly increased by Jonsh-5 compare to control and Calcium D3-Nycomed treatment. Jonsh-5 may promote bone healing in rat model of fracture.