Sodium and potassium intake was assessed on the basis of its respective excretion levels in 24 hr urine samples. However, owing to the inconvenience of collection, we evaluated random spot urine for alternative sodium and potassium excretion markers. We included 250 patients who submitted 24 hr- and spot urine for clinical tests. However, 22 patients who showed 24 hr urine creatinine excretion levels <500 mg/day were excluded, because these samples possibly resulted from incomplete urine collection. Moreover, 24 patients were excluded because of their use of diuretics during the urine collection period. We observed significant correlations between 24 hr urine sodium excretion and both the sodium/creatinine (r=0.34, P<0.0001) and the sodium/specific gravity unit (SGU) ratios (r=0.19, P=0.007) in random urine samples. Similarly, 24 hr urine potassium excretion and both the spot urine potassium/creatinine (r=0.47, P<0.0001) and potassium/SGU ratios (r=0.28, P<0.0001) were significantly correlated. Although the estimated sodium/creatinine and potassium/creatinine ratios showed a significant correlation with 24 hr urine sodium and potassium excretion, respectively, further studies are required to develop a spot urine test for individualized monitoring of sodium and potassium excretion.
Biomarkers/urine ; Creatinine/*urine ; Humans ; Hypertension/pathology/urine ; Potassium/*urine ; Sodium/*urine ; Urinalysis ; Urine Specimen Collection

Acetylcysteine ; urine ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons, Brominated ; metabolism ; urine

Esters ; urine ; Humans ; Phthalic Acids ; urine

Dried powder extraction: Among the components of the traditional oriental prescription “Ngu linh gia vi”, rhizoma Atractylodis macrocephalae, Polia, Polyporus, rhizoma Alismatis and cortex Cinnamomi were extracted with ethanol 80%; the others were extracted with boiled water. All the extracts were mixed with rhizoma Dioscoreae persimilis powder, then dried in vacuum. The total yield of the dried extract was 7.7% compared with the plant materials. Anti-urolithic effect: In vitro studies showed that the percentages of worn stones were respectively 0.92% (control group), 18.94% (low dose of dried extract group), and 19.97% (high dose of dried extract group).
Drugs ; Urine ; Medicine, Traditional

Reporting one case of abnormal high urine hCG level in the pregnancy. The abnormal high level was still in allowed limits, even higher than normal level. The maximum hCG level was observed at 11 weeks and 5 days of gestational age following the first days of the last menstrual periods. The symptoms such as nausea, vomiting would be severe with very low hCG, last until hCG achieved maximum. This patient was successfully managed with aminazin
Chorionic Gonadotropin ; Pregnancy ; Urine

The elimination of chlorpheniramine (CPAM) racemic isomers from human urine in experiment. The pharmacokinetic elimination of chlorpheniramine in the product contac including racemic chlorphenyramine and phenylpropano …was assessed in 9 health men and 9 women administrating 8mg racemic chlorphenyramine in Contac after an overnight fast. Urine samples were collected up to 144 hours and individual enatiomers of chlorpheniramine was defermined by HPLC method. There was no difference in the elimination of unchanged CPAM in urine from male and female subjects
Chlorpheniramine ; Urine ; Methods

OBJECTIVETo establish a GC/MS method for analysis of cotinine (COT), phenylglyoxylic acid (PA) and mandelic acid (MA) in human urine.

METHODSHuman urine samples were extracted by CCl(3) and derivatized with MSTFA after dried completely. The contents of COT, PA and MA were measured by GC/MS method with DB-5MS capillary column and EI ion-source.

RESULTThe calibration curves for COT in urine samples were linear over the concentration ranges of 0.0002 approximately 3.5 microg ml(-1), while PA and MA were both of 1.25 approximately 160 microg ml(-1). The limits of quantification were 0.0002 microg ml(-1), 1.25 microg ml(-1) and 1.25 microg ml(-1) for COT, PA and MA, respectively. The assay recoveries for COT, PA and MA ranged from 89.53% approximately 102.4%, 84.88% approximately 91.46% and 83.46% approximately 13.6%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe established method can detect cotinine, phenylglyoxylic acid and mandelic acid simultaneously, which would be used in routine assessment and monitoring of the internal exposure to nicotine and styrene in human body.

Cotinine ; urine ; Environmental Pollutants ; urine ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Glyoxylates ; urine ; Humans ; Mandelic Acids ; urine

Calibration ; Humans ; Poisons ; urine

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming an alarming health burden worldwide, however, there is still lack of early biomarkers and effective treatment options. Thus, in the upcoming era of precision medicine, searching for the sensitive, non-invasive biomarkers has been the cornerstone and major challenge in the management of CKD. Urine contains rich biological information which could be an ideal source for non-invasive biomarkers of CKD. This review will discuss the recent advances in biomarker study from urine sediment, urine supernatant and urinary extracellular vesicles with special interest in gene transcript (miRNA, mRNA) biomarkers. Besides, the challenges and future directions for urinary gene transcript biomarker study will be discussed.
Biomarkers ; urine ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; urine ; RNA, Messenger ; urine ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; diagnosis ; urine

Estriol excreation was studied in 216 normal and 61 pathologic pregnancies. The 95% fiducial limits of the normal excretion of estriol, within which 95% out of 100 future determinations in normal pregnancies are expected to fall, were established. The estriol curve in normal pregnancy in this study agrees well in its general shape with those presented by previous investigators who used different chemical methods of determination. The estriol values in pathologic pregnancies with preeclampsia. intrauterine fetal death and antepartum hemorrage have been analyzed. The clinical significance of estriol determinations during pregnancy was discussed.
Estriol/urine* ; Female ; Fetal Death/urine ; Human ; Pre-Eclampsia/urine ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnancy Complications/urine* ; Uterine Hemorrhage/urine