1.Road safety performance index in Metro Manila, Philippines: 2011-2015.
Philippine Journal of Health Research and Development 2018;22(1):28-36
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Road safety in the Philippines has been increasingly significant with the increasing level of industrialization and urbanization over the last decade. The main objective of the study was to determine the road safety performance for Metro Manila by computing for an index based on data and variables of road traffic over the past years.
METHODOLOGY: The variables for index calculation included speed, alcohol, infrastructure, vehicle defect, and other unsafe driver behavior were drawn from the Metro Manila Development (MMDA) database complemented with literature review from several sources. Equal Weighting method was utilized, as this is the simplest, yet, least biased measurement suitable for the data at hand.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Road Safety Performance Index for Metro Manila remains more or less constant over a five-year period, increasing and decreasing from 0.45 to 0.59 which means that Metropolitan Manila has fared poorly in all indicators. Metro Manila has a poor road safety performance as evidenced by the road safety index. There is a need to improve on all components of road safety identified in this study for the safety of road users.
Industrial Development ; Urbanization ; Philippines
2.The Analysis of the Cholesterol Contents of Intrahepatic Duct Stones in the West Gyeongnam Region.
Jeong In PARK ; Ji Ho PARK ; Young Tae JU ; Chi Young JEONG ; Eun Jung JUNG ; Young Joon LEE ; Sang Kyung CHOI ; Woo Song HA ; Soon Tae PARK ; Tae Hyo KIM ; Ok Jae LEE ; Soon Chan HONG
Korean Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery 2007;11(4):22-27
PURPOSE: Hepatolithiasis is a recurrent disease and common in Far East Asia. In Korea, almost all intrahepatic duct (IHD) stones were pigment stones 30~40 years ago. The nationwide cooperative study showed a higher cholesterol content of IHD stones compared to the previous data. Some reports have shown a close relationship between urbanization and the cholesterol content of stones. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cholesterol content of IHD stones in the West Gyeongnam region and evaluate the associated clinical and demographic variables. METHODS: The IHD stones were removed surgically from twenty patients who had hepatolithiasis between July 2005 and April 2007. The stones were grouped by their gross findings. The cholesterol contents were measured quantitatively by infrared spectrophotometry and compared with the clinical variables. RESULTS: Among twenty patients, 19 had pigment stones and only one had gross evidence of a cholesterol stone. The cholesterol content of the stones were 30%~50% in 13 patients, 50~70% in 6 patients and over 70% in one patient. In urban patients, the cholesterol contents of the IHD stones were higher (567.029 mg/g) than in rural patients (421.822 mg/g)(p<0.05). All stones in rural patients were pigment stones; the stones of urban patients consisted of 5 pigment, 6 mixed and 1 cholesterol stone (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The mean cholesterol content of the IHD stones was 508.946 mg/g; the content of the stone was significantly related to the residence of the patients. These results suggest that the cholesterol content of IHD stones are likely to increase in West Gyeongnam as urbanization increases.
Asia
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Cholesterol*
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Far East
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Humans
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Korea
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Spectrophotometry, Infrared
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Urbanization
3.Prevalence of Myopia in 19-year-old Korean Males: The Relationship between the Prevalence and Education or Urbanization.
Shin Hee KANG ; Pyeoung Sik KIM ; Dong Gyu CHOI
Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 2004;45(12):2082-2087
PURPOSE: To study the relationship between the prevalence of myopia and both urbanization and increased education level. METHODS: We performed noncycloplegic autorefraction in 12, 207 nineteen-year-old Korean conscripts. In order to analyze the relationship between prevalence of myopia and urbanization, we divided the subjects into two groups: urban and rural. To analyze the relationship between the prevalence of myopia and the level of education, we categorized the subjects into three groups: college education (>or=13 years), high school education (10-12 years), and primary education (
Education*
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Humans
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Male*
;
Myopia*
;
Prevalence*
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Urbanization*
;
Young Adult*
4.Urbanization and workers' compensation in China from 1995 to 2012.
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2014;27(3):220-230
In order to determine the trend in the number of employees covered by workers' compensation (WC) and trends in the burdens and benefits of WC, and to discuss the possible factors that might influence those trends. A relevant national statistical data from 1995 to 2012 are collected and analyzed. In the results, we found that the proportion of employees covered by WC to total employees in urban areas increased from 13.7% in 1995 to 51.2% in 2012 and also exhibited a significant degree of polarization. In 2012, 27.3% of the peasant workers were covered by WC, which accounted for 37.8% of the total employees covered by WC. Factors found to impact the number of employees covered by WC and trends in the burdens and benefits of WC from 1995 to date in China included urbanization, represented by the migration of farm labor to urban areas, changes in industry mix, regional disparity, GDP movements, and changes to legislation on WC and occupational health and safety. It still has a long way to go to reduce work-related injuries and occupational diseases (ODs) to levels comparable with other industrialized countries.
China
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Humans
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Urbanization
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Workers' Compensation
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economics
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statistics & numerical data
5.Time trends of the prevalence of allergic diseases in Korea: A systematic literature review
Sung Yoon KANG ; Woo Jung SONG ; Sang Heon CHO ; Yoon Seok CHANG
Asia Pacific Allergy 2018;8(1):e8-
The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased dramatically in recent decades, and are now considered major chronic diseases at the global level. The increasing burden of allergic diseases has led to numerous worldwide and local researchers to investigate the time trends in its prevalence and identify its driving factors. Environmental changes such as urbanization and industrialization have been suggested to explain the increasing prevalence, but recent reports from Western countries suggest that this prevalence has reached a plateau or even possibly, started to decrease. However, such environmental changes are still occurring in many Asia-Pacific countries, including Korea, and it is speculated that the peak in allergy epidemics has yet to come. The present systematic literature review aimed to explore the time trends in the prevalence of allergic diseases in Korea and to identify the unmet needs for facilitating further studies.
Chronic Disease
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Epidemiology
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Hypersensitivity
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Incidence
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Korea
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Prevalence
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Urbanization
6.Trend of Fire Outbreaks in Ghana and Ways to Prevent These Incidents.
Emmanuel K ADDAI ; Samuel K TULASHIE ; Joe Steve ANNAN ; Isaac YEBOAH
Safety and Health at Work 2016;7(4):284-292
BACKGROUND: In Ghana, fire incidents have become a regular occurrence, with thousands of lives and millions of dollars lost every year. Hardly a day passes without news of a fire outbreak in some part of Ghana, causing fear and panic among the people. This generates much discussion centering on rumors relating to politics, sabotage, misfortune, religious differences, etc. This article seeks to discuss the trend of fire incidents occurring in Ghana from 2000 to 2013 and the different ways to prevent these incidents. METHODS: The pattern of fire incidence in Ghana as a whole as well as in each region is discussed. The study took into consideration the causes, mechanisms, as well as preventive measures against the fire menace. Data were obtained from the head office of Ghana's national fire service. RESULTS: It was noticed that in general the rate of fire incidence increased each year. This increase was attributed to several factors: rate of population growth and industrialization, unstable electricity, urbanization, negligence, illegal electrical connection, etc. The cause of fire was categorized into domestic, industrial, vehicular, institutional, electrical, commercial, bush, and others. Among these causes, domestic fire accounted for 41% of the total number of fire incidents in the country. CONCLUSION: Finally, this study presents several recommendations to help prevent and mitigate fire incidents in Ghana.
Disease Outbreaks*
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Electricity
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Fires*
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Ghana*
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Head
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Incidence
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Malpractice
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Panic
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Politics
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Population Growth
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Urbanization
7.Dengue Fever.
Korean Journal of Medicine 2014;86(3):277-281
Dengue fever is a kind of viral disease which infects people through mosquito bite. It is present in 100 countries and about 5 million to 10 million people are inflicted with this disease every year. Since the 1980s, it has seen a dramatic increase across the globe. One of the reasons for the spread of the disease is that rapid industrialization and urbanization have destroyed the natural habitat of mosquitos. Additionally, dengue fever occurs mostly in underdeveloped countries. These countries have not implemented systematic epidemiological investigation and are yet to come up with effective methods in terms of prevention of mosquito bites. Moreover, more and more people have traveled the areas at risk of this disease. Global the incidence of dengue fever has increased and has also seen a rise in cases among the travelers. One can easily find a case in a clinical setting. On top of that, due to global warming and north warding of dengue occurring latitude in the northern hemisphere, Aedes albopictus which is the vector of dengue fever, has been found in JeJu island. This makes it a major concern that the mosquitos have inhabited the country. Prevention of dengue fever is important since antiviral agents and vaccinations are not still commonly used.
Aedes
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Antiviral Agents
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Culicidae
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Dengue*
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Ecosystem
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Global Warming
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Incidence
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Methods
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Severe Dengue
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Urbanization
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Vaccination
;
Virus Diseases
8.Impacts of Urbanization on Delay in Transferred Ischemic Stroke Patients.
Doohyun LEE ; Ki Ok AHN ; Sang Do SHIN ; Hang A PARK ; Young Sun ROA ; Won Chul CHA ; Seung Chul LEE
Journal of the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine 2014;25(4):392-400
PURPOSE: Inter-hospital transport poses a number of challenging issues, including prolonging the time interval from symptoms to optimal reperfusion therapy after ischemic stroke. It is unclear whether urbanization is associated with outcomes of inter-hospital transfer including length of stay at the referring hospital (D1LOS). METHODS: A prospective stroke registry from 23 Emergency Departments (ED) from 2007 to 2012 over the nation was collected. Ischemic stroke patients who arrived at the first ED within 24 hours of onset (S2D1) were enrolled. Patients were excluded if time intervals or address were incorrect or missing. Main exposure was urbanization level; urban > or =10,000 and rural <10,000 population. Primary outcome was D1LOS. The secondary outcomes were symptoms to door of the first ED (S2D1) and transfer time to the final ED (T2D2). We compared the D1LOS, S2D1, and T2D2 with median and inter-quartile range (IQR) by urbanization level. RESULTS: Of 5,909 patients transferred from other hospitals, 2,289 patients were analyzed; 1,441 (63%) patients in urban areas, 848 (37%) patients in rural areas were included. The D1LOS and S2D1 in urban was longer than those in rural; 100 minutes (IQR 50~208) for urban VS 82.5 minutes (IQR 48~170.5) for rural (p=0.01) and 66 minutes (IQR 30~240) for urban VS 90 minutes (IQR 30~330) for rural (p=0.001). T2D2 in urban was shorter than that in rural; 54 minutes (IQR 36~78), 40 minutes (IQR 25~65) (p< or =0.00), respectively. CONCLUSION: Urban EDs showed longer D1LOS before transferring patients to the hospital for definite care. Strategy for reducing delay due to inter-hospital transport should differ according to urbanization.
Emergency Medical Services
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Emergency Service, Hospital
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Humans
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Length of Stay
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Patient Transfer
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Reperfusion
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Stroke*
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Urbanization*
9.Changing Prevalence of Allergic Diseases in the Asia-Pacific Region.
Gary W K WONG ; Ting Fan LEUNG ; Fanny W S KO
Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research 2013;5(5):251-257
Asia-Pacific is one of the most densely populated regions of the world and is experiencing rapid economic changes and urbanization. Environmental pollution is a significant problem associated with the rapid modernization of many cities in South Asia. It is not surprising that the prevalences of asthma and allergies are increasing rapidly, although the underlying reasons remain largely unknown. Many studies from this region have documented the changing prevalence of allergic diseases in various parts of the world. However, the methodologies used were neither standardized nor validated, making the results difficult to evaluate. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) has provided a global epidemiology map of asthma and allergic diseases, as well as the trend of changes in the prevalence of these diseases. Allergic sensitization is extremely common in many Asian communities. However, the prevalence of allergic diseases remains relatively rare. The rapid urbanization in the region, which increases environmental pollution and can affect the rural environment, will likely increase the prevalence of asthma and allergies in Asia.
Asia
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Asian Continental Ancestry Group
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Asthma
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Environmental Pollution
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Humans
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Hypersensitivity
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Prevalence
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Social Change
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Urbanization
10.A study Out-migration of Rural People.
Korean Journal of Preventive Medicine 1974;7(1):197-201
The rapid economic development of Korea since 1960 has also brought a rapid urbanization process, and recently many rural areas have begun to show actual depopulation, in which particularly the young, productive and high educated groups are leaving for cities. More than 70% of migrations go to large cities such as Seoul, Pusan and Taegu. Their main motives for migration are to seek a job in urban areas. The study showed following results; The rate of migration a year was 1% of total population. Regarding the age of migrators belong to between 10-39 years old, especially migrator aged 10-29 years as comprised 87%. The educational level of migrator was a little higher than that of the residents. Considering the sibling order of migrators, the traditional value system for first son seemed to change. Concerning the place of destination, more than 70% of migrators moved to large cities such as Seoul, Pusan and Taegu. The main motivation of migration was to seek a job in urban areas. The occupation at the place of destination were factory workers, employee at company, students, salesmen, farmers and public officials in that order.
Busan
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Daegu
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Economic Development
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Emigration and Immigration*
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Humans
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Korea
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Motivation
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Occupations
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Seoul
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Siblings
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Urbanization