Introduction Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women worldwide. It can be prevented by identifying pre-cancer lesions at early stages using Pap smear screening and treating these lesions. Knowledge and attitude on cervical cancer and Pap smear tests are associated with actual participation in cervical cancer screening. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate cervical cancer and Pap smear knowledge and attitudes among Mongolian women. Materials and Methods A total of 671 women aged 30 to 60 years from urban and rural areas participated in the study. The multiple clusters sampling method was used. We examined the relations of socio-demographic characteristics with lack of knowledge and negative attitude towards Pap smear tests by using a multilogistic regression analysis. Result The response rate was 89% (671/750). 62% of the participants correctly answered less than 4 out of 8 questions about cervical cancer risk factors. Also 47,2% and 79,3% of the total number of the women had never heard of Pap Smear and HPV. Only 16,4% of the respondents have some knowledge about them. Almost all (93%) participants agreed that there is a defficiency of information about cancer and its screening.58% and 28% of respondents said that they would participate in Pap smear tests voluntarily and agree to vaccinate their daughters. Positive attitude on Pap smear tests was higher among women living in rural areas and those who have had a Pap smear test. Conclusions Cervical cancer and Pap smear knowledge and attitude among the women in Mongolia are low. Having higher education and higher income level did not ensure positive attitude to cervical cancer screening. Strategies for communicating accurate information about cervical cancer, prevention, and detection as well as risk and treatment of cervical cancer are needed.

Background: In 1889, keratinocytes conjunctivitis with eruption in the form of Epidemic first was revealed by Fuchs and from 1995 it began to be diagnoses using the polymerase chain reaction. In our country annually about 11,850 patients visited the ophthalmology cabinet of the State Central Clinical Hospital, and from them 1290 cases or 10.89% were diagnosed to have viral infections, including 95% were sick of adenovirus infection, 3.7% had a herpes virus infection, 1,3% infection of other species respectively. At the international level of experience and research on the treatment of adenovirus conducted in a large circle, and immunoglobulin therapy has a high impact (P=0.0001, power 0.7599, ANOVA). In Mongolia, normal immunoglobulin is produced and widely uses to enhance immunity, but technological expertise and experiences on the use of immune globulin in ocular diseases caused by adenovirus infection had not been conducted yet. Goal: To study the possibility to diagnose ocular diseases caused by adenovirus infection with laboratory method and use immunoglobulin in eye area. Methods and materials: The investigation involved 50 patients aged 18-55 diagnosed with the infection of adenovirus. We took samples from eye conjunctiva, blood and stool of patients involved in the investigation and conducted a survey to identify adenovirus using the polymerase chain reaction. In this analysis it was used the diagnosing devise (Amply Sense Adenovirus – Eph) made in Russian Federation. Samples where the virus is detected were multiplied in Hep2 cell culture and viruses were abstracted. Linear cells Hep2 were made culture by methodology and recommendation from World Health Organization. Abstracted viruses were challenged in experimental rabbits by dropping it into their eyes or making injections. After rabbits became completely sick, they were divided into five groups and each had a different treatment. Statistical and analytical software used in the development of research. (SPSS,EPI-info8 STATA). Results: Samples were taken from 50 people and made on them polymerase chain reaction analysis, at 43 (86%) of which were detected adenovirus: Viruses were found in 14(93%) of 15 samples taken from the eye, 12 (80%) of 15 samples taken from the blood, 17(85%) of 20 samples taken from the stool respectively. Sample with viruses was conducted the initial development and made culture in a linear cell Hep 2. Partial anesthesia were made on both eyes of 25 rabbits with use of Proparacaine Hydrochloride and infected them with adenovirus and after 7 days the following treatments were made dividing the rabbits in five groups so that each group has got five rabbits. (Treatment with interferon, ingavirin treatment against viruses, immunoglobulin drops, combined immunoglobulin drops jointly with ingavirin, immunoglobulin injection for combined with ingavirin). After infection eyes of rabbits with adenovirus and descending corneous phlegmon in their eyes, the symptom curing were observed on schedule at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14th days of each separate treatment group and calculated the average. On the 8th day after starting the treatment combined ingavirin with lg eye drop and treatment lg catarrh injection with ingavirin conducted in related groups, and on the 12th day of treatment with ingavirin, all the symptoms of infections were completely cured. Treatability of group treated with interferon after 14 days was 71 percent. On the basis of the above indicators, we compared the most effective method of treatment with interferon treatment, which is currently in use, then developed a method of statistical significance of the study with indicator ANOVA and proved that the significance of the treatment is of P<0.05. As in the 8th day of the treatment, the symptoms of viral infection is completely eliminated, and at the 10th day is not detected any viruses, we can prove that the treatment of immune globulin effectively prevents the virus and is capable of neutralizing the virus. Conclusions: 1. The experiment shows that intravenous immunoglobulin therapy is an effective method against infection caused by adenovirus. 2. Since immunoglobulin counteracts the adenovirus, it has the opportunity to become a major application against inflammation caused by viruses and bacteria 3. Using of the drug against the virus with a combination of ingavirin has higher effectiveness than the use of only one immunoglobulin against adenovirus.

Studying formation and development of fetal organ system, it has reliable information in medical theory as well as practical importance for the medical diagnosis, treatment and prevention in certain country. Introducing the modern advanced methods of fetal study in our country, it willbe possible to get the necessary information of prenatal organ development, formation and differentiation. Currently, the research works of eyeball development, topography, structures have not been accomplished yet in the Mongolian human fetuses. Therefore, the aim of thiswork was to make an evaluation of the development of the human eye during the fetal life. In our study, the 66 eyeballs of 33 human fetuses were examined.It was observed that the axial length, corneal diameter and equatorial diameter of the eye were increased simultaneously in the early fetal period. In the late period the axial length was increased slightly and equatorial diameter was increased rapidly. In the histological observation, the thickness of the eyeball layers were increased regularly from the early fetal period until the late fetal period. Thickness of the choroid and retina were increasing irregularly. Anti VEGFantibody was high distinguished detected in the choroid and retina in the early fetal period but it was middle distinguished detected in the late fetal period by immunohistochemistry.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe visual loss in people aged 50 years or older. It estimates that 25-35 million people lost vision due to AMD in the world. Rapid increase of aging population, 33.2 million people was affected by AMD in 1994and there is estimation the number will reach 80 million by 2050. Prevalence of disease is different in countries it relates due to aging population and the ratio is higher in developed countries. The risk factors of AMD; race, nationality, life style, cigarette smoking, alcoholconsumption, UV exposure, diet, vitamin or food supplements consumption, drugs and high blood pressure. This study was to evaluate risk factors in age related macular degeneration because cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and high blood pressure are high among elder Mongolians. Introduction of Optical Coherent Tomography /OCT/ in ophthalmology enables us to early diagnose and prevention. It will be basic data for developing AMD prevention policy and improving methods of diagnosis and management.

LASIK is the most popular treatment method for correction of the refractive errors of ophthalmology its development in 1990 and number of patients has continued to increase.The safety and efficacy of LASIK surgery have been reported several times by numerous researchers and doctors, but all studies have made abroad. This time we have summarized postoperative outcomes of LASIK surgery, which have performed in our country. Consequently 103 patients (206 eyes) who underwent LASIK surgery in “Bolor-Melmii” eye clinic between 2007 and 2011 were enrolled. The retrospective method of study was used to evaluate postoperative outcomes. Preoperative UCVA of 0.04-0.4 improved to 0.5-1.2(decimal) at 1 day after surgery and during 1 year after surgery revealed minimal but wasstable. Preoperative mean sphere equivalent of 2.2+/-0.72D improved at the 1 year by +/-0.5D in 161 eyes (78.15%), by +/-1.0D in 39 eyes (18.9%) and by +/-2.0D in 6 eyes (2.9%)after surgery. Mean sphere equivalent and astigmatism improved to -0.46 +/-0.4D and -0.43+/-0.34D respectively at 1 year after surgery. Improvement of the sphere equivalent and its stability during a year period of study proves that LASIK surgery is an effective with stable improvements and safe procedure for correcting myopia/myopic astigmatism. No severe complications occurred during and after surgery.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important cause of vision loss around the world, being the leading cause in the population between 40 and 59 years old. Among patients with DR, diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most frequent cause of vision impairment and represents a significantpublic health issue. The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) showed the benefit of focal/grid laser for the management of DME, reducing the risk of moderate visual loss by approximately 50%, and since then,macular photocoagulation (MPC) has been the gold standard treatment. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator of blood-retinalbarrier breakdown, which leads to fluid leakage and the development of macular edema. The efficacy and safety of intravitreal anti-VEGF as therapy for DME have recently been proved by various clinical trials providing significantly positive visual and anatomical results. Regarding clinical practice, those outcomes have placed intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF as an optionthat must be considered for the treatment of DME. The aim of this study to evaluate intravitreal bevacizumab and modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) macular laser therapy (MLT) in patients with clinically significant macular edema (CSME). Methods: In a1-year, single-center, randomized controlled trial, 70 patients with center-involving CSME were randomized to receive either bevacizumab or MLT. Result: The baseline mean ETDRS BCVA was 58.3±8.6 (range 38–71) in the bevacizumab group and 56.6±7.3 (range 37–69) in the laser group. The mean ETDRS BCVA at one year was 63.2±12.5 (range 41–80) in the bevacizumab group and53.0±8.3 (range 35–74) in the laser group (p=0.0004). At one year, central macular thickness decreased from 405±121 μm (range 275–715 μm) at baseline to 247±141 μm (range 178±541 μm) in the bevacizumab group and in the laser group from 392±137 μm (range 284–741 μm) to 318±129 μm (range 165–615 μm) (p=0.05). Conclusioni: The study provides evidence to support the use of bevacizumab in patients with center involving CSME without advanced macular ischemia.

Cataract is the leading cause of low vision and blindness in the world. Most cataracts are related to aging because the life expectancy of population becomes increased in the world.However, the research ofthe types of cataracts has been studied in Mongolia, it is not investigating correlation between in the types of cataracts and the result of biochemistry, therefore it was the background of our research. To determine the correlation among the mongolians aged 50 and older for compare some biochemical results of blood and types of the senile cataract.Total 80 patients with cataract and aged over 50 were case-based selected for the study from November 2010 to November 2011 at the Department of Ophthalmology ofFirstCentral Hospital of Mongolia. There had been collected according to the questionnaire of risks, and records of biochemical examination. Eye examinations had been performed lenses evaluated with the biomicroscope and determined the lens opacities rightly to Lens Opacities Classification Systems-III (LOCS III, the international standard classification). And we used SPSS 16.0, The mean age of all participants was 70 (±9.36) years and 56.2% were female, 43.8% males. The study shows that cataract types: nuclear was 48.8%, cortical 10%, posterior subcapsular (PSC) 41.2%. The hypertriglyceridemia (≥2.26 mmol/L) was associated with PSC (p = 0.025). There was no statistically significant association between blood glucose and cholesterol level and senile cataract. Nuclear cataract was the most common type of senile cataracts in Mongolia. It was same that hypertriglyceridemia was related to PSC developing in comparison of some studies, which conducted in some nations.

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) is a major health problem which can lead to lifelong handicapped condition of individuals if early diagnosis is missed. Cost for treatment, surgery and rehabilitation of these cases is much higher than that for prevention. According to Graf, hip ultrasound screening method is simple, reproducible, innocuous and can be performed by well- trained neonatologists. The purpose of this study is to determine prevalence and types of hip dysplasia by Graf standard screening method. A prospective study was carried out. Hip ultrasound screening using Graf method was performed by neonatologists at the Amgalan of maternity of the Capital city from January 2013 to March 2015.Totally 6154 neonates were eligible for the study and 50.9% of them were male, 93.27% term and 6.72% preterm, in 8.53% of babies, type IIa (physiological retardation of ossification)was found. Dysplasia or dislocation of hips (type III and IV) was found in 5 (0.08%) neonates. Babies diagnosed with type I on both hips were discharged. Type IIa cases were stopped being swaddled and reassessed after 4 weeks. Cases with type III and IV cases were all treated with abduction treatment or Tubinger. This study is an ongoing project. The implementation of the hip ultrasound screening according to Graf is feasible and can be performed by well-trained neonalogists in Amgalan of maternity of the Capital city.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic accidents (RTA) each year is estimated at over 1.2 million, while the number f injuries reaches as high as 50 million. In Mongolia, the number of road accidents, crimes and road safety violations is on the increase, and it is forecasted that this trend will continue in the future The third leading cause of mortality in Mongolia is injury, and more injuries are caused by traffic accidents (18.9%) than any other cause. According to the National Statistics reports, health and demographic studies, it can be seen that there are a high number of road traffic accidents and injury cases in Mongolia.OBJECTIVE: The main objective was to identify the risk factors of road traffic injuries and deathsMETHOD: Primary data on Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) of the Road Traffic Police was used. 4000 investigation forms were randomly selected and analyzed. Within the research objectives, necessary descriptive and analytical statistics were calculated and the results were illustrated by tables and charts.RESULT: The rate of road traffic accidents is high in urban areas from January till May while it is high in rural areas from February till October. The rate of road crashes caused by alcohol is significantly different in rural and urban areas (36% in rural and 16% in urban). The statistically significant risk factors for Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) were the fault of pedestrians, drunk driving, failure to stop the vehicles, turning maneuver, inadequate estimation of the distance between cars and collation of lane and for Road Traffic Deaths (RTDs) the alcohol consumption, speeding, vehicle defects, driver’s negligence, cross the intersection, turning maneuver, failure to keep distance, fault of pedestrians and transportation people or goods.CONCLUSION: To decrease the risk factors of injuries and deaths of RTAs, specific actions are required to enhance the road traffic safety control and patrolling during certain months, weeks, days and times when accidents mostly happen in urban and rural areas.

Background:The cardiovascular disease especially coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality in worldwide. There is lack of research study which evaluated stenosis of coronary atherosclerosis. It is known that coronary stenosis is highly connected to the levels of biomarkers. Coronary atherosclerosis correlated with endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA) levels in a group of patients suspected of having coronary artery disease.Objective:The goal of this study was to evaluate the relation between the coronary atherosclerosis and levels of EDNRAMethods:A total of 311 participants were involved in this study. A case-control study was used in the study. The baselines data were collected from the department of Angiography at the National Third Central Hospital and National lilood Transfusion and Research center. We have determined the degree of coronary atherosclerosis using the Angiography machine and Elisa were used for detecting the blood endothelin levels in all groups.Results:98 participants were diagnosed with stenosis and occlusion. The blood endothelin levels were estimated to 6.32±0.64 pg/ml which refer to () degree of coronary stenosis, the first degree of stenosis of coronary atherosclerosis is estimated to 5.56±0.22pg/ml, the second degree of stenosis of coronary atherosclerosis is estimated to 5.42J0.34 pg/ml, the third degree of stenosis of coronary atherosclerosis is estimated to 5.87 H). 13 pg/ml, the fourth degree of stenosis of coronary atherosclerosis is I'SlilllSltll lo 5.69±0.09 pg/ml, it was estimated to 5.88±0.13 pg/ml in control groups. Level of EDNRA (occupying one segment of coronary artery) was estimated to 5.77±0.08 pg/ml. two segment involvement was estimated to 5.72±0.16 pg/ml, three segment involvement 5.73±0.19 pg/ml. four segments involvement 5.50±0.25 pg/ml, respectively.Conclusion:The blood endothelin level and coronary artery stenosis were not correlated statistically significant in control group of the study. However, blood endothelin levels were increased in patients who tend to experience the coronary artery stenosis.