Background: A water supply sufficiency and quality standard has been still important object of the priority issues of countries, regions as well as the Worldwide. In December, 2003, the General Assembly of the UN announced to worldwide a decade named as "Water for life" with duration of 2005 - 2015. Public Health Institute of Mongolia,2 Health Sciences University of Mongolia Background: A water supply sufficiency and quality standard has been still important object of the priority issues of countries, regions as well as the Worldwide. In December, 2003, the General Assembly of the UN announced to worldwide a decade named as "Water for life" with duration of 2005 - 2015. Ensure environmental sustainability objective 6.16 within MDGs of Mongolia proposed to decrease a share of inhabitants without safe drinking water, and a share of inhabitants not provided by an improved sanitation infrastructure, respectively. After Mongolia shifted to a market economy system, production rapidly developed, and rapid increasing of mining, population centralization in urban areas and use of the chemical elements were basic and necessary conditions to study an arsenic content in drinking water of Gobi provinces. Goal: To determine arsenic content in drinking water of Gobi provinces and provide a hygienic assessment. Materials and Methods: Research study designed by cross-section methods and analyzed one action data. In total of 62 soumsfrom five Gobi provinces (namely Gobi-Altai, Gobisumber, Dornogobi, Dundgobi, and Umnugobi) were selected as a research sites. Samples are taken according to the standard MNS ISO 5667-2:2001 from total of 142 deep drilled wells amongst 62 selected soums. According to the ISO-MNS 11885:2007 standard, arsenic content (As) were tested in the samples by using Optical Emission Spectrometer with brand name of Varian 720 -ESICP. Test analyses were assessed after comparison with the content level of arsenic in drinking water standard of Mongolia as coded MNS 900:2005 and the recommended levels stated in "Guidelines for drinking water quality", developed by the WHO. Results: Arsenic contents were presented 106 samples, represented 74.6 percent of the total samples from the 142 deep drilled wells in the selected sites of 62 soums among 5 Gobi provinces. In additionally, existing arsenic contents in 22 samples were 15.4 percent of the selected samples counted 1 to 6 times higher than the drinking water standard of Mongolia as coded MNS 900:2005 and the recommended levels stated in "WHO - Guidelines for drinking water quality". Total drinking water arsenic contents across the selected 5 Gobi provinces were statistical mean 0.0084 ± 0.0009 mg/l. Conclusion: 15.4 percent arsenic contents in drinking water in Gobi provinces were greater than the drinking water standard of Mongolia as coded MNS 900:2005 and the recommended levels stated in "WHO - Guidelines for drinking water quality".

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, in economy of Mongolia there are a lot of mining, construction, transportation and powerplant sectors with high risk, top rate of industrial accidents and occupational disease. Moreover, it’sbeen seen that noise, vibration and dust effect on worker’s health have a huge negative effects inthose sector’s workplaces.GOAL: Based on occupational condition assessment between 2010-2014 of Occupational condition andmonitoring department of Occupational Health Research Center, noise, vibration and general dustwere measured at workplace of mining, construction and power plant sectors.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Some issues of occupational hygiene were cross sectional studies. Based on archive of OHRC,information has been collected by fact methods. The results have been processed statistically onSPSS-17 statistic program and have been compared with relevant standards and normative.RESULTS: From 740 workplaces at 89 enterprises in 3 sectors, in 686 noises level has been measured. Theaverage level of noise measurements has been above the maximum allowed amount standards. Thehighest results were in sector of mining and construction.At total of 166 workplaces, the average vibration level was also above of maximum allowed amount.And also the highest results were seen in sector of mining.At total of 447 workplaces, the average general dust level was 3-5 times more than maximum allowedamount and the highest results were seen I sector of mining and construction.From some measurements of occupational hygiene at workplaces that attended in this study, generaldust amounts and vibration levels are straight low related and have a statistical importance.CONCLUTIONS:The amount of general vibration, noise and general dust in this research at sectors of construction,mining and power plant were higher than the standard of allowed amounts.

IntroductionThe imported food products are more than 60 percent of total food consumption of Mongolia. Thelead residue in food products causes chronic and acute poisoning to the human health when exceedsmaximum residues limits, and human exposure and significant public health problems in many partsof the world.GoalTo assess lead residues and health risk of some commonly consumed imported food productsamong Mongolian population.Objectives:1. To determine consumption of some imported food products of Mongolian population;2. To investigate lead residue in some commonly consumed imported food products;3. To assess potential health risk related lead residue.Materials and MethodsThe research used analytic study of cross-sectional study design. Randomly selected 1290 people’simports food consumption was analyzed by questionnaire and body weight measurements. Tooksamples from 145 import products, identified lead residue with Academy of Sciences Soil ResearchLaboratory`s, ASS (USA, 2002) equipment.Results60.7% of imported food samples were lead residues exceeded to Maximum Residues Limits, suchus mean lead residues in meat product were 1.55 mg/kg, in milk product 1.22 mg/kg, in cerealproducts 1.15 mg/kg, in vegetables 1.57 mg/kg, in fruit and fruit juice 1.03 mg/kg, in alcohols drink1.31 mg/kg, and in tea 1.93 mg/kg (p=0.001). Estimated Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI)of lead exposure for survey responses was 0.079mg/kg body weight.Conclusions:1. 60.7% of imported food samples were lead residues exceeded to Maximum Residues Limits,such us mean lead residues in meat product, milk products, fruits and vegetables.2. Imported vegetables (54.0%), cereal 8.4% products (15.5%), fruit and fruit juice (11.8%), andmilk products (8.4%) is main contributing to lead residues in imported food.3. Estimated Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of lead exposure for survey responseswas 0.079mg/kg body weight, which is 3.2 times higher than toxicological guidance (PTWI 0.025mg/kg per 1 kg human body weight) and the high health risk level.

Background: According to the 2023 report on global water sector development, water consumption has increased by approximately 1% annually over the past 40 years and is expected to rise further due to population growth, socio-economic development, and changes in consumption patterns. Both low- and middle-income countries face risks related to water quality. In many developing nations in Asia and Africa, natural water sources are of poor quality and lack purification infrastructure, with limited research and data available—often restricted to monitoring reports and basic statistics. Although the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-2030), adopted at the 70th UN General Assembly, aim to ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation for all, around 26% of the global population—approximately 2 billion people—still lack access to safely managed drinking water services. In line with this, Mongolia’s long-term development policy “Vision-2050” sets a target to ensure 90% of the population has access to safe drinking water by 2030 through comprehensive measures. The World Health Organization (WHO) identified ten key chemical contaminants posing significant public health concerns in 2020, including arsenic, along with air pollution, asbestos, benzene, cadmium, dioxins, excessive fluoride, lead, mercury, and hazardous pesticides. Over 140 million people in more than 70 countries are consuming arsenic-contaminated water, exceeding the WHO guideline of 10 μg/L. While Mongolia has conducted studies on arsenic contamination in drinking water in 2004, 2013, and between 2019–2022, there is still a scarcity of research assessing the potential health risks associated with such contamination. Aim: To assess the health risk of arsenic exposure through drinking water. Materials and Methods: Using a document-based research design, we obtained official permission from the Health Statistics, Information and Research Department (Letter No. 01/290) and collected arsenic testing data and well information from 29 internal research reports. A database was created, and secondary data analysis was conducted. Based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methodology, the following were calculated: average daily dose (ADD), lifetime average daily dose (LADD), cancer risk (CR), and hazard quotient (HQ) for arsenic exposure through drinking water. Official statistics from 2023 released by international and national organizations such as the UN, WHO, NSO, MCHD, and NCCD were used for risk calculations. Results: Out of 3,575 drinking water samples collected from 1,315 wells in 329 soums across 21 provinces and 2,260 samples from 9 districts of Ulaanbaatar, 61% met the MNS 0900:2018 national drinking water standard for safety and quality. However, in samples from Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Sukhbaatar, Umnugovi provinces and Nalaikh district, arsenic concentrations exceeded the national and WHO recommended limit (10 μg/L) by 1 to 6 times. Health risk assessment showed hazard quotient values ranging between 0.12 and 1.15. Conclusions Arsenic contamination in drinking water is locally prevalent in the Gobi and Eastern regions of Mongolia (Dundgovi, Sukhbaatar, Dornod, Umnugovi, Dornogovi). The hazard quotient for arsenic exposure via drinking water ranges from 0.12 to 1.15, with 8 provinces showing values above 0.3—indicating potential health risks.

BACKGROUND: According to the United Nations, drug reports 2016, 250 million people aged 15 to 64 an estimated 29 million of them have used drugs and narcotics. The United nations states that the drug and narcotic manufacturing have increased by three times in east 15 years. Mongolia is located between Russia and China that are the most drug used countries in the world and it can increase the risk of drug usage in Mongolia. OBJECTIVE: Study to knowledge and attitude about drugs and narcotics among the high school, college and universities students in Ulaanbaatar. METHODS: The research was conducted among the school, college and universities students and the analytic research method was used in our research. 176 middle and high school students, 215 university students and 70 college students from morning classes were participated in the survey. The survey research was used method of collecting information and materials about the drug usage and narcotics. SPSS 17 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The highest point was 16 (n=1) and lowest point was 0 (n=16) and the knowledge of drugs among the students was 8.14. Results releated that 7.8% (n=36) of students have enough information about the drugs and narcotics, 62.9% (n=261) of students did not have enough information and 29.3% (n=135) of them have informed moderately. CONCLUSIONS: Exploring the knowledge about drugs and narcotics among the students, 7.8% of them have enough information, 62.9% of them did not have enough information and 29.3% of them have informed moderately

Background: It is stated in the Government Programme of 2016-2020 that public servants, including health care workers, shall be given a gradually increased salary based on their skill, dexterity, workload, and productivity, and such increase started from 2018 as planned. In the health sector of our country, regarding demand and regulation of the programme, the change shall be made that the system for median salary of physicians and overall staff employed at hospitals gets even constructive, and the required human resource for the sector shall be prepared. Thus, inferring from these claims, median salary, real wage, and socioeconomic condition are in critical need for further evaluation. Objective: To examine the current socio-economic condition of health care workers, and to study the influencing factors at play. Methods: In this study, we used quantitative and qualitative methods. In the survey, we involved 655 health care workers from 6 family health centers, 2 district hospitals, 3 health centers (district-based) in Songinokhairkhan, Sukhbaatar, and Baganuur districts; and Provincial hospital, regional diagnosis and health center, 16 soum health centers from Khovd, Uvs, Arkhangai, Bulgan, Khentii, Dornod, Umnugovi, and Dornogovi provinces, along with 3 National specialized health centers and 1 National central hospital. As for data gathering for the qualitative analysis, 30 focus group interviews and 47 key informant interviews were conducted for the purpose of examining socioeconomic condition, real wage sufficiency of health care workers. Results: Average household income of study participants was 1,880,269 tugrik, the real wage was 1,073,065 tugrik, and the overall household is seen to be composed of 2 different sources on average, namely, self-wage and the income coming from family members or supplement of Child Money Programme. It has come to notice that 19.5% of the participants have lower than average living standard, 89.2% have 2 different loans (mortgage, auto loan or mobile application based loans). Material deprivation index is seen to be 2.73, hence deemed as insufficient. In order to increase the real wage of those workers, it shall be taken into consideration that the basic salary is low, and some financial supplements need to be given. Furthermore, the performance based funding system of health sector is seen to be in need of improvement. Conclusion Real wage of the health care workers is, thus, insufficient. The fact that one in every five workers in this sector have lower than average living standard, and the material deprivation index is 2.73 implying that the financial lives of health care workers are immensely fragile.