Like other crops, fruits and vegetables are attacked by pests and diseases during production andstorage leading to damages that reduce the quality and the yield. In order to reduce the loss andmaintain the quality of fruits and vegetables harvest, pesticides are used together with other pestmanagement techniques during cropping to destroy pests and prevent diseases. The presenceof pesticide residues is a concern for consumers because pesticides are known to have potentialharmful effects to other non-targeted organisms than pests and diseases. The major concerns aretheir toxic effects such as interfering with the reproductive systems and fetal development as wellas their capacity to cause cancer and asthma. Some of the pesticides are persistent and thereforeremain in the body causing long term exposure.Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application methods;arsenic content, organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, mercury content.Glyphosate is the active ingredient in herbicide formulations containing it. Human acute toxicity isdose related. Acute fatal toxicity has been reported in deliberate overdose. Epidemiological studieshave not found associations between long term low level exposure to glyphosate and any disease.The purpose of pesticide monitoring programs is to ensure that in fruits and vegetables do not exceedmaximum residues levels (MRLs) allowed by the government, no misuse of pesticides that couldresult in unexpected residues in food and that good agricultural practices (GAP) are maintained. Theresults from these monitoring programs are also used by regulatory bodies for future developmentsin setting MRLs and risk assessment exercises for public health.The MRLs are always set far below levels considered to be safe for humans. It should be understoodthat MRLs are not safety limits, a food residue can have higher level than MRL but can still be safefor consumption. Safety limits are assessed in comparison with acceptable daily intake (ADI) forshort term exposure or acute reference dose (ARfD).Nowadays, the pesticides imported 657 000-1 079 000 tn. in each year by Custom Agency ofMongolia[⁵²] and still unenforced Pest monitoring program, Pest management in the agriculture.

With the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials are being widely used in manyindustries aswell as in medicine and pharmacology. Despite the many proposed advantages of nanomaterials,increasing concerns have been expressed on their potential adverse human health effects. In recentyears, application of nanotechnology in medicine has been defined as nanomedicine. Techniquesin nanomedicine make it possible to deliver therapeutic agents into targeted specific cells, cellularcompartments, tissues, and organs by using nanoparticulate carriers. Because nanoparticlespossess different physicochemical properties than their fine-sized analogues due to their extremelysmall size and large surface area, they need to be evaluated separately for toxicity and adversehealth effects. In addition, in the field of nanomedicine, intravenous and subcutaneous injectionsof nanoparticulate carriers deliver exogenous nanoparticles directly into the human body withoutpassing through thenormal absorption process. These nanoparticulate carriers themselves maybe responsible for toxicity and interaction with biological macromolecules within the human body.Second, insoluble nanoparticulate carriers may accumulate in human tissues or organs. Therefore,it is necessary to address the potential health and safety implications of nanomaterials used innanomedicine. Toxicological studies for biosafety evaluation of these nanomaterials will be importantfor the continuous development of nanomedical science. This review summarizes the currentknowledge on toxicology of nanomaterials, particularly on those used in nanomedicine.

INTRODUCTION:GSTs are a family of antioxidant enzymes that responsible for the detoxification of many carcinogens.Glutathione S-transferases are polymorphic in humans and the null genotypes are results in lack ofenzyme activity.In many studies the polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 have been associated withcancers of the lung, bladder, breast and colon.GOAL:In this research we aimed to establish PCR condition for obtaining “long” PCR product for detectionof deletions in GSTT1, GSTM1 genes using various master mixes, which would help us further todetect heterozygous variants for these two genes in Mongolian population.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Three kinds of commercial master mixes as Go Taq PCR master mix (USA), Taq 2x Dual master mix(Mongolia), and DyNAzyme EXT buffer were tested at various PCR conditions on 117 DNA samples,isolated in three ways such as phenol chloroform extraction method, guanidine hydrochloride methodand using Promega Wizard Genomic Fragment DNA Extraction Kit from fresh blood lymphocytes,buccal swabs and dried blood spots.RESULTS:Three types of samples were used for DNA extraction such as buccal swabs, dried onto soft tissueblood spots and fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes, using three kind extraction methods from whichDNA template obtained from fresh blood isolated by guanidine chloride method had best quality.Combination as template DNA from fresh blood, guanidine chloride DNA extraction method and Taq2x Dual master mix (Mongolia) resulted in all four band, whereas other combination did not displaydesired results.CONCLUSIONS:Out of three kinds commercial master mixes tested in this study for various PCR templateDNApreparation and PCR conditions we observed that:1. PCR with Taq 2x Dual master mix (Mongolia) resulted in all four initially desiredPCR productsas 625bp for GSTM1, 969bp for GSTT1 genes and 4748bp for GSTM1, 3106bp for GSTT1 genedeletions correspondingly;2. Template genome DNA prepared from fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes by guanidinehydrochloride extraction methods suited best for “long” PCR reaction;3. Using Taq 2x Dual master mix produced in Mongolia saved us time and was cheaper.4. Multplex primer mix is excellent tool in research of GST gene polymorphism.

IntroductionGSTs are a family of antioxidant enzymes that responsible for the detoxification of many carcinogens.Glutathione S-transferases are polymorphic in humans and the null genotypes are results in lack ofenzyme activity. In many studies the polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 have been associated withcancers of the lung, bladder, breast and colon.GoalIn this research we aimed to establish PCR condition for obtaining “long” PCR product for detection ofdeletions in GSTT1, GSTM1 genes using various master mixes, which would help us further to detectheterozygous variants for these two genes in Mongolian population.Materials and MethodsThree kinds of commercial master mixes as Go Taq PCR master mix (USA), Taq 2x Dual master mix(Mongolia), and DyNAzyme EXT buffer were tested at various PCR conditions on 117 DNA samples,isolated in three ways such as phenol chloroform extraction method, guanidine hydrochloride methodand using Promega Wizard Genomic Fragment DNA Extraction Kit from fresh blood lymphocytes, buccalswabs and dried blood spots.Results:Three types of samples were used for DNA extraction such as buccal swabs, dried onto soft tissue bloodspots and fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes, using three kind extraction methods from which DNAtemplate obtained from fresh blood isolated by guanidine chloride method had best quality. Combinationas template DNA from fresh blood, guanidine chloride DNA extraction method and Taq 2x Dual mastermix (Mongolia) resulted in all four band, whereas other combination did not display desired results.Conclusions:Out of three kinds commercial master mixes tested in this study for various PCR template DNApreparation and PCR conditions we observed that:1. PCR with Taq 2x Dual master mix (Mongolia) resulted in all four initially desired PCR productsas 625bp for GSTM1, 969bp for GSTT1 genes and 4748bp for GSTM1, 3106bp for GSTT1 genedeletions correspondingly;2. Template genome DNA prepared from fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes by guanidine hydrochlorideextraction methods suited best for “long” PCR reaction;3. Using Taq 2x Dual master mix produced in Mongolia saved us time and was cheaper.4. Multplex primer mix is excellent tool in research of GST gene polymorphism.

Goal: To conduct mercury-based medical devises used in health care organizations and develop strategy and recommendations on futher activityMaterial and Methods:A cross-sectional study design was used. Totally 578 units of 38 governmental and private health care organizations inUlaanbaatar, Darkhan, Erdenet cities and Uvurkhangai aimags were conducted in the survey. The survey was conductedby means of a questionnaire given to the medical workers and doctors to complete. There were 3 parts of questions. Thefirst part of the questionnaire dealth with the use of mercury-based medical devices, working, transportation and storageconditions, and waste management. The second section was concerned with knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) ofmedical personals for safety handling, storage and disposal of mercury containing devices. The third part of the questionnairedealth with the dental amalgam.Mercury concentration of dental amalgam samples were detected by portable mercury vapor analyser RP-91, PYRO-915+ in the Poison Information Center of Public Health Institute. Data processing was done by using statistical programSPSS-10.Conclusions:1. Mercury containing devices such as thermometer, blood pressure sphygmomanometer, energy saving fluorescencelamp and termostates were used in urban and rural hospitals. There are not any regulations for safe handling,storage, and transportation and disposal system of mercury containing divices.2. Knowledge on handling, storaging and disposing mercury based devices are not enough among the medical personals.The current situations for inapproiprate disposal system can be posed to increase riskes of environmentalpollution with mercury.3. Knowledge on health impact of spilled mercury from broken mercury based medical devices is not enoughamong the medical workers. Safety manual for handling, storage and disposal of mercury based medical devicesand promotion materials for health adverse effect and prevention methods have not been developed.4. 14.7% of the investigated dental hospitals and cabinets were used dental amalgam for treatment. Of these wasinvolved the fist stage hospitals. Dental amalgams were imported from China and Russia. Any special recommendationsand rules for safe use, storage and disposal of dental amalgam have not developed.

Background Concentrations of lead, chromium, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and boron in waste water treatment sample and soil sample of Mich Company in Khongor, Darkhan-Uul province were detected with high concentration by WHO, UNEP and FAO study in 1998. Therefore, the conclusion was required to conduct environmental audit and to determine pollution frame and risks [1, 2]. According to recommendation of WHO, UNEP and FAO study, it is required to conduct re-survey study of environ¬mental pollution in Khongor, Darkhan-Uul province. Goal Study was aimed to conduct re-survey study of environmental pollution and human health exposure assessment in Khongor, Darkhan-Uul province. Objectives: 1. To determine environmental pollution by questionnaire study and chemical analysis for mercury, chromium, arsenic, lead, cadmium and boron in hair, blood, urine and environment. 2. To develop guidance for next actions. Results Average concentration of arsenic in soil sample of Mich Co, Ltd was 8.458 mg/kg or 1.4 fold higher (95%CI 5.472- 11.444) than reference value (6.0 mg/kg) in “MNS 5850:2008 -Soil quality. Reference value for soil pollutants and elements” standard and mercury and cadmium were not detected (Table 1). Chromium and boron were detected with acceptable level in water samples and average concentration of arsenic (0.0014 mg/l) was lower than reference value (0.01mg/l) in “MNS 900:2005 Drinking water, Hygiene requirements and control” standard. This result shows that there was not arsenic migration from soil to water. Concentrations of lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, boron and mercury in soil and water samples were detected with acceptable level (Table 1). Conclusions: 1. Lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and boron levels in environmental samples of Khongor, Darkhan-Uul province were at subordinate level from reference values in national standards. 2. Arsenic concentrations in biological samples were determined as a higher level, but in environmental samples its amounts were corresponded with acceptable level. Thus there was not environmental pollution exposure to human health. Because of detoxication processes of contaminated moulds by mercury and cyanides in MICH company area, it is possible to this area polluted by arsenic or gold associated elements. Thus it is necessary to decrease arsenic pollution in soil. 3. Concentrations of cadmium, arsenic, lead and mercury in hair, urine and blood samples were less than refer¬ence value of Human biomonitoring commission of Germany (HBM), PHI of USA, Clinical chemist’s agency of Russia and Canadian medical research center. So, in Khongor soum had not those of toxic elements ex¬posure to human health. 4. The boron and chromium concentrations of hair, urine and blood samples exceeded the maximum admissible limits in half of all cases, while their amounts in environmental samples were at permissible level according to national standards. And there was no statistical significance correlation (p=0.735) between chromium and boron concentrations in biological and environmental samples.

Abstract: The beneficial influence of many foodstuffs and beverages including fruits, vegetables, tea, red wine, coffee, and cacao on human health has been recently recognized to originate from the chain-breaking antioxidant activity of natural polyphenols, significant constituent of the above products. Therefore antioxidants have received increasing attention within biological, medical, nutritional, and agrochemical fields and resulted in the requirement of simple, convenient, and reliable antioxidant capacity determination methods. Many methods which differ from each other in terms of reaction mechanisms, oxidant and target/probe species, reaction conditions, and expression of results have been developed and tested in the literature. In this review, the methods most widely used for the determination of antioxidant capacity are evaluated, presenting the general principals, recent applications, and their strengths and limitations. Conclusion: In this review, numerous antioxidant capacity methods, which differ from each other in terms of reaction mechanisms, oxidant and target/probe species, reaction conditions, and expression of results. It is important that analysis conditions, substrate, and concentration of antioxidants should simulate real food or biological systems. The total antioxidant capacity value should include assays applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants and regards the similarity and differences of both HAT and ET. The assays including various ROS/RNS such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, nitric dioxide have to be designed to comprehensively evaluate the antioxidant capacity of a sample.

BACKGROUND:Nano is a key technology to bring accelerated development in science, economy and business in 21stcentury. Besides lots of advantages contained in nanoproducts, cytotoxic effects on human and environmentmay occur due to their extreme small size and large surface area and it promotes chemical reaction andactivates reactive oxygen species in the cell. In the last few decades, human and environment exposureof nanomaterials have been increasing, but research papers related to nanomaterial toxicity have beenpoor.GOAL: Determination of nanomaterial toxicity in medical applicationMATERIALS AND METHODS:Totally 21 nanomaterials collected in this study including imported nano-medicines, disinfectantspray, cleaning solution and experimental nanomaterial produced in Mongolia. The particle sizesof nanomaterialswere determined by Cross correlation analysis and X-Ray diffraction analysis, andmutagenicity was determined by Ames test.RESULTS:The particle sizes of nanomaterials in 5 of 21 were measured at the range of 1 – 100nm and 5 of 21nanomaterials were determined as mutagenic by Ames test.CONCLUSION:Ingredients and production methods can be one of causes of nanomaterial toxicity. Therefore, morespecific methods are needed to reveal cytotoxicity of nanomaterials in the future.

The number of mushrooms on Earth is estimated at 140,000, of which maybe only 10 % are known. Meanwhile, ca.14, 000 species that we know today, about 50 % are considered to possess varying degrees of edibility, and about 700 species are medicinal mushrooms. Medicinal mushrooms such as Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi, Lingzhi), Lentinus edodes (Shiitake, Xiang gu), Inonotus obliquus (Chaga, Hei hua mo) and many others have been collected and used for hundreds of years in Korea, China, Japan, and eastern Russia. Those practices still form the basis of modern scientific studies of fungal medical activities, especially in the field of stomach, prostrate, and lung cancers. It is notable and remarkable how reliable the facts collected by traditional eastern medicine are in the study of medicinal mushrooms. Mushrooms of their high fiber content, sterols, proteins, microelements and a low calorific value, are almost ideal for diets designed to prevent cardiovascular diseases as first suggested by Traditional Chinese Medicine. Several mushroom species have been studied for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and patents have been established for these usages. Fruit-bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and Lentinus edodes have long been a major factor in folk medicine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis. Polysaccharides belong to a structurally diverse class of macromolecules, in which monosaccharide residues join to each other by glycosidic linkages to form polymer. It is noteworthy that, in comparison with other biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids, polysaccharides offer the highest capacity for carrying biological information because they have the greatest potential for structural variability. Mushroom polysaccharides exert their antitumor action mostly via activation of the immune response of the host organism.

Goal: To study migration of toxic chemicals from water containters into stored waterMaterial and Methods:Experimental study was carried out in the Health Reference laboratory of Public Health Institute. In the study, as examples of water containers that are commonly used among population, the samples of water containers narrow opened container intended for keeping oil, aluminium container, large blue container (plastic), and metal container were purchased from Narantuul market and container with volume of 1 liter for potable water was purchased from supermarket and were tested. For determination of heavy metal migration, dissolving soultion or 3% In the solution of 3% chloric acid and for determination of hygiene parameters 3% acidic acid were used, respectively. In the solution of 3% chloric acid 6 heavy metals including iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn) were determined by Varian 210 D AAS-10 in accordance with the method stated in the standard of GOST 5370-50. In the solution of 3% chloric acide the content of formalyne was determined by qualitative method of Shiph and quantative titration methodr, ethylen and salicilic acid by qualitative method, oxidation of organic matters by bichromate titration method and formaldehyde by iodometer method, respectively. Results of analysis were processed by Origin 7.0 software.Conclusions:1. The migration of lead from oil container and large blue plastic container as used for water storage and carriage was detected 500-800 times higher in oil container and 60-72 times higher in large blue plastic container than the acceptable maximum limit of WHO reference level and drinking water standard MNS900:2005 (0.01mg/l). 2. The migration of formaldehyde from plastic containers to food products was 1800-3900 times higher in oil container and 3600-6900 times higher in large blue container than the acceptable maximum limit of formaldehyde migration (formaldehyde 0.1 mg/l). Also 27,0-39,17 mg/l of formalin were determined in the oil container and37,67-53,43 mg/l of formalin were measured in large blue plastic container and its concentration increased over time of storage. It shows that these plastic containers can not be used for keeping drinking water and food products. 3. Lead (122-250 times higher) and cadmium (10-53 times higher) migration from aluminum container was higher than the acceptable maximum limit of national standard NMS 900-2005.4. Iron (58-90 times higher), lead (240-360 times) and cadmium (33-70 times) migration from metal container were detected higher than the acceptable maximum limit of national standard NMS 900-2005.5. The migration of formaldehyde from pure water container was 2922-28000 times higher than the acceptable maximum limit of Russian’s hygienist direction approved in 1971 (reference level is 0.1mg/l of formaldehyde).