Introduction The use of phytochemical preparations is being promoted an supported worldwide. In order to investigate and confirm the usage of phytochemical preparations that are widely used in the traditional medicine, there is an urgent need to complete a chemical, phytochemical and clinical study for those medicinal preparations. Goal To investigate the effects of “Antitoxic preparation” on the test animal with previously developed acute hepatotoxic infection by LPS. Materials and Methods A pathology model of the acute liver infection was developed on a total of 50 Vister rats, weighing between 200 and 250 gr. The test animals were categorized info five five further groups, e.g. healthy, control, comparison and administered with 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of “Antitoxic preparation”. The preparation for each group was individually and orally administeredfor a period of ten days. On day 11, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th groups were administered 5 μg of LPS and 300 mg/kg of GaIN calculated in 2 ml of physiogial solution was injected in the abdomed of the test animal. After 8 hours, AST, ALT, cholesterol, triglycerides, level of MDA, cytokine levels such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 contained in the blood plasma of test animals were analysed. Results A comparison between measurement of “Antitoxic preparation” group and control group has indicated that the AST was 24.9-30.8%, ALT 23.8-27.6%, Poenzyme activation was reduced by 29.1-32.6%, of cholesterol by 13.2-19.9%, of tryglyceride 23.4-30.5%, MDA in plasma 8.8-20.9%, MDA in urine 11.3- 22.9%, also reduction of TNF-α in plasma by 17.5-27.3% and IL-1β17.7-19.8% respectively. Also, it was determined that the cytokines activating the acute liver infection (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10) were impacted after administering the preparation and infection process was suppressed. Conclusions: 1. The pathological model for chronic toxic liver infection developed on the test animal indicated that “Antitoxic preparation” had a reducing effect on cholesterol, tryglycerides, inhibitory effect on activation of fat oxidation, choleretic, antioxidant, reducing effect on ALT, AST activation, reducing the destruction of liver cells and followed by hepatoprotective action. 2. “Antitoxic preparation” was effective in impacting the cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10) that activate the acute liver infection and also suppressing effect on infection process.

Background. According to the reports of World Health Organization (WHO), every year over 5 millionpeople died because of violence, accidents and injury, and 600 million disabled. In 2020, 8.4 milliondeath is expected due to exposures of accidents and injury.By the end of 2013, population of Mongolia is 2.930.3 million and has increased by 2.2 percent,comparing to the year before. 68.1% of the total population is living in the urban, and the remaining31.9% is living in the rural. The 46.8% of the total population is residing and living in the capital cityUlaanbaatar, which counts at 1.372.1. million. 80% of residents (residential community) of Ulaanbaatarcity is receiving inpatient care, and 90% is receiving emergency care due to accidents and injury at theNational Traumatology and Orthopedic Research Center (NTORC).A number of clients received emergency care due to accidents and injury at the NTORC is continuallyincreasing for last 5 years. The number of inpatients in 2012 is reduced comparing to a year before.But in 2013, it has increased by 10.9% than in 2012. Also the increase by 10.0% is observed in the last5 year’s average. A major percentage of clients who received care traumatized when used alcoholicbeverages. This exposure is increasing during the holidays. Therefore it demands to find out reasonsof accidents and injury during the holiday celebrations.Goal. To define reasons of accidents and injury for clients who received care during the holiday at theNTORC.Methods. A descriptive case study is conducted based on client’s information which received emergencycare at the NTORC during 5 major holidays in 2012-2014. Selected five holiday celebrations were TheNew Year, Lunar New Year, International Woman’s Day, National Day for Armed Forces and Military(as known Men’s Holiday) and the Naadam (The Summer Festival). A selection of holidays consistedfrom series of days as of pre, post and during holidays when the celebration is for only one-day. Whenthe holiday celebration is for 3 days, all 3 days were chosen. The study described causes of trauma,diagnosis, age, gender and the residential of clients who received the emergency care due accidentsand injury.Results. A number of clients received emergency care during the major holidays, except the LunarNew Year is higher than non-holiday days. Number of clients received emergency care which usedalcoholic beverage is also more during the holidays. Over 60% of exposed is males and majority aged25-34. Causes of injuries during the holiday celebrations were all kinds of falls, interpersonal (domestic)violence’s, and traffic accidents. More exposures of interpersonal (domestic) violence’s during the wellknown Men’s Day holiday has been registered as well as more traffic accidents during the Naadam (TheSummer Festival).

Thyroid nodular lesions are the common clinical problem in the world. A variety of tests have been employed to separate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. These tests include isotope scanning and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Our research was based on the fact that the comparison of FNAC and thyroid isotope scan in thyroid nodule was not researched in Mongolia. Therefore, we want to evaluate the specimen adequacy of FNAC, and compare its result to thyroid isotope scanning in patients with thyroid nodule. The research was conducted on archive materials of FNAC and thyroid isotope scanning of patients with thyroid nodule who were treated in surgical department of The First Central Hospital from 2012 to 2015, and the statistic analyze was done by using SPSS 20 under the auspices of School of Pharmacy and Bio-Medicine,Department of pathology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. We have collected the FNAC of 807 patients, including 34 patients (4.2%) were males and 773 patients (95.8%) were females. FNA cytology results were interpreted as benign in 495 cases (61.3%), follicular lesion of undetermined significance in 31 cases (3.8%), follicular neoplasm in 9 cases (1.1%) suspicious in 17 cases (2.1%), malignant in 3 cases (0.4%), and unsatisfactory in 252 cases (31%). We have got the result of thyroid isotope scanning of 43 (5.32%) patients out of 807 cases. On thyroid scan, 18 patients (41.9%) having cold nodule were labeled as suspicious for malignancy, 25 patients (58.1%) had hot nodule. The FNA diagnosis of 25 patients with a hot nodule following: 1 patient (4%) with neoplasm, 17 patients (68%) with benign results, 6 patients (24%) had non-diagnostic. The FNA diagnosis of 18 patients (41.9%) with cold nodule following: 1 patient (5.5%) with follicular lesion of undetermined significance, 10 patient (55.5%) with benign, 5 patient (27.7%) with non-diagnostic, 2 patient (11.1%) had malignant. The FNAC results were interpreted as benign in 495 cases (61.3%), malignant in 3 cases (0.4%), and unsatisfactory in 252 cases (31%). Two patients out of 18 patients with cold nodule diagnosed as malignancy by FNAC. The sensitivity and specificity of thyroid isotope scanning was 96% and 16.6%, respectively.

Kidney transplantation is the best alternative treatment for end-stage renal disease and health-related quality of life and survival of the patients are improved compared with dialysis. Worldwide, more than 1.4 million patients with CKD receive renal replacement therapy with incidence growing by approximately 8% annually.1 Unfortunately, despite significant improvement in graft function, kidney transplants can still fail due to acute rejection and chronic allograft nephropathy.2 Kidney biopsy after transplantation, which has evaluated by Banff 09 classification is usefull method for diagnose of transplanted kidney disease.3,4Kidney graft rejection was diagnosed in 10 renal allograft biopsy specimens (bs) obtained from transplant patients followed up at our institute between 2015 and 2016. All specimens were evaluated as satisfactory which show more than 8 glomerulus under the light microscopy. Each renal cortical tissue was divided into two tips: one piece for routine H&E stain and special stains, including Masson’s trichrome, and PAS stain; another piece for immunofluorescence by frozen section, which were stained with IgA, IgM, IgG and complement component (C3, C4, C1q, C4d). All the renal biopsies were examined by the same pathologist.Out of 117 transplantations, 10 episodes of rejection selected. Among the 10 patients, 30% had an acute T cell rejection and 70% had a chronic allograft nephropathy. Interstitial inflammation (i1-7) was present in 7 bs (70%), tubulitis (t1-4,t2-2) in 6 bs (60%), transplant glomerulitis (g1-1, g2-2, g3-1) in 4 bs (40%), transplant interstitial fibrosis (ci1-2, ci2-2, ci3-2) in 6 bs (60%), tubular atrophy (ct1-6, ct2-2, ct3-1) in 9 bs (90%), mesangial matrix increase (mm1-5) in 5 bs (50%), vascular fibrosis intimal thickeness (cv1-3) in 3 bs (30%), arteriolar hyaline thickening (ah1-5) in 5 bs (50%), tubulitis (ti1-6, ti2-3, ti3-1) in 10 bs (100%) and peritubular capillaritis (ptc1-1, ptc2-2, ptc3-1) in 4 bs (40%). C4d deposition was present very mild in wall of the vessels and peritubular capillaries. Because of not good working Methenamin silver stain, we couldn’t demostrate glomerular basement membrane changes (cg) fully.We suggest that histopathological changes of transplant glomerulopathy might be accompanied by inflammation of the microvasculature, such as transplant glomerulitis and peritubular capillaritis. C4d deposition in the wall of the vessels and peritubular capillaritis is not always present in biopsy specimens of transplant glomerulopathy.

mmon clinical scenario [1]. The prevalenceof thyroid nodules is ~18-40% in Chineseadults [2]; however, only 5-10 percent of allthyroid nodules are malignant. Although withthe development of the ultrasound technique,several ultrasonographic characteristics havebeen associated with thyroid malignancy[3], individual ultrasound features arenot accurate predictors of thyroid cancer.Thyroid fine-needle aspiration [FNA] hasbeen recommended by various organizationsfor the more precise preoperative diagnosisof thyroid nodules [4]. Non-diagnostic rateof FNA comparison and estimate betweenthe other studiesMaterials and Мethods: We performedover 100 FNA using one pass of the 21-Gneedle attached to a 10 ml syringe withoutlocal anesthesia in 2015. All the FNAswere performed without the guidance ofultrasound. Recent study 100 cases of themwere not selected for a specific method.Results: In total there were 100 patientsrecruited in the study with a mean ageof 45.94±13.13 years and 83.0% femalepatients.The Non-diagnostic rate was comparedbetween groups with different needlesizes and methods. In the 22 G group,non-aspiration showed a decreased NDrate as compared to aspiration [44.21 vs.76.76%, P<0.001;]. In the non-aspirationgroup, a lower ND rate was revealed in the25-G needle group compared to the 22-Gneedle group [34.97 vs. 44.21%, P=0.032;].Notably, the ND rate in the 25 G group wassignificantly lower than in the all 22 G group[34.97 vs. 58.13%, P<0.001;]. In the 21 Ggroups, aspiration showed a decreased NDrate as compared to aspiration [44.21 vs.76.76%, P<0.001;]. 21G aspiration groupshowed decrease twofold ND rate ascompared 22G aspiration group [31.63 vs.76.76%, P<0.001;]Conclusion: There have been studiesusing various needle types [regular needle,needle with a stylet or spinal needle [5]and different needle sizes from [21 G to27 G] with or without aspiration duringthe procedure. Numerous factors influencethe diagnostic rate in thyroid FNA, amongwhich the nodule component is an extremelyimportant factor [6]. In general, the morecystic the percentage of each nodule, thehigher the rate of non-diagnostic, with the lowest ND rate in the solid nodule using a25-G needle at 26.77% and the highest inthe cystic nodule using 22 G aspiration at85.19%. A similar trend was found in eachgroup with lowest rate of ND in the 25 Gnon-aspiration group and highest in the 22G aspiration group.

Introduction: It is necessary and right to study and analyze all aspects of drug materials now when number of mineral based drugs are reducing. Especially it is very important for further researches to properly establish names and number of raw materials for traditional drugs based on ancient scripts. Goal: To carry out comparative study on mineral based drugs numbers and their differences mentioned in Mongolian and Tibetan manuscripts about drug identification methods using ‘Four basics of medicine’ book and its interpretations as a source. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using methods of ‘Comparing manuscript sources studies’, ‘Analyses and syntheses’ for determining numbers and described with ‘Hermeneutics’ methodology. The study was based on approved methodology and ethical review in December 2018. Results: As it was compiled from manuscripts number of drugs mentioned in Four basic roots of medicine was 57, Ancestors’ important teachings – 68, Blue binderya – 77, Golden descript – 87, Clear crystal beads about medicine – 134, White crystal mirror – 121, Beauty eyes décor – 96. It is seen that books written about mineral based drugs became more comprehensive compared with previous manuscripts and authors were trying to reflect their on drug identification methods and ideas. Conclusion
1. The same time it evidences that traditional medicine was enriched year by year with innovation and searches of every generation scientists.
2. In “The four basics of medicine” manuscript theoretical book they described 57 mineral based traditional drugs but in other studies that number increased to 121 which means in manuscripts like “Basics of magic” and “Basics of future” drugs used that time were described more comprehensive.

Background: The numbers of pet ownerships tend to increase worldwide.60 to 65 percent of USA citizens are keeping pets at home and 12-15 percent of them have allergic issues. Another research among the European children who have dog allergy increased up to 15.6 percent in 2006 while it was 8.7 percent in 1992. Also, the allergy symptoms usually come out as bronchial asthma. Methods: This study has conducted by hospital based cross sectional study and retrospective and descriptive study model. For the test (BioIC) to identify allergen-specific IgE in 154 patients, hypersensitive to cat, dog and horse allergy. Results: In our study, a total of 154 participants were involved with 1-63 aged (average age 18.7±14.6). By the result of the BioIC test, cat allergy, dog allergy, horse allergy was 114 (74.02%), 52(33.76%), 47(30.51%) respectively.The mean sensitivity rate for cat allergic children was 12.69AU where it indicates 7.61AU in cat allergic adults (p<0.01). The mean sensitivity rate for horse allergic children was 6.04AU where it indicates 2.27AU in horse allergic adults and 7.65AU in dog allergic children and 4.53AU in adults (p<0.04). Conclusions By the result of the allergen specific IgE test in serum, cat allergy, dog allergy, horse allergy was 114 (74.04%), 52 (33.76%), 47(30.51%) respectively. By the result of the allergen specific IgE test in serum, sensitivity rate of epithelial allergen to cat was strong positive where it indicates medium positive for horse and dog sensitive rate. Children has higher sensitivity rate of epithelial allergen than adults.

Backround Peutz–Jeghers (PJ) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a mucocutaneous pigmentationon on oral mucosa and multiple hamartomatous polyps located in the digestive tract except esophagus. PJ syndrome can be diagnosed in early childhood by a characteristic pigmentation and family history of polyposis. However, it is often diagnosed first as a polyp in the small intestine that causes obstruction and intussusception and is often treated with a bowel resection. If diagnosed in young childhood, an effective non-invasive method is to resect the polyps by tying off the blood supply to the polyps, that is the method named ischemic polypectomy, before they grow to the point of obstruction using a endoscopy. PJ syndrome is rare in Mongolia, but in severe cases, small intestine polyps are treated only surgically. Double-balloon-endoscopy (DBE) has been performed at the Mongolian- Japanese Hospital since 2023, making it possible to diagnose and treat the syndrome endoscopically. Our patient, a 15-year-old boy, had a mucocutaneous pigmentation that had been previously undiagnosed and was first diagnosed with intussusception at the age of 13. He had undergone 4 endoscopic procedures for upper and lower gastrointestinal polyps at the National Center for Maternal and Child Health successfully. In our hospital, we found endoscopically multiple hamartomatous polyps of various sizes between 1-3 cm, and a 3 mm diameter tumor that filled 3/4 of the intestinal lumen was treated by ischemic polypectomy. After the procedure, there were no early or late complications related to the procedure. The child's condition improved, the main complaints subsided, and he continues his daily life normally. However, follow-up DBE is required.

Background: Hearing loss (HL) is one of the most common sensory disorders, affecting over 5-8% of the world's population. Approximately half of HL cases are attributed to genetic factors. In hereditary deafness, about 75-80% is inherited through autosomal recessive inheritance, and common pathogenic genes include GJB2 and SLC26A4. Pathogenic variants in the SLC26A4gene are the leading cause of hereditary hearing loss in humans, second only to the GJB2 gene. Variants in the SLC26A4gene cause hearing loss, which can be non-syndromic autosomal recessive deafness (DFNB4, OMIM #600791) associated with enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) or Pendred syndrome (Pendred, OMIM #605646). DFNB4 is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss combined with EVA or less common cochlear malformation defect. Pendred syndrome is characterized by bilateral sensorineural hearing loss with EVA and an iodine defect that can lead to thyroid goiter. Currently, it is known that EVA is associated with variants in the SLC26A4 gene and is a penetrant feature of SLC26A4-related HL. Predominant mutations in these genes differ significantly across populations. For instance, predominant SLC26A4 mutations differ among populations, including p.T416P and c.1001G>A in Caucasians, p.H723R in Japanese and Koreans, and c.919-2A>G in Han Taiwanese and Han Chinese. On the other hand, there has been no study of hearing loss related to SLC26A4 gene variants among Mongolians, which is the basis of our research. Aim: We aimed to identify the characteristics of the SLC26A4 gene variants in Mongolian people with Enlarged vestibular aqueduct and Mondini malformation. Materials and Methods: In 2022-2024, We included 13 people with hearing loss and enlarged vestibular aqueduct, incomplete cochlea (1.5 turns of the cochlea with cystic apex- incomplete partition type II- Mondini malformation) were examined by CT scan of the temporal bone in our study. WES (Whole exome sequencing) analysis was performed in the Genetics genetic-laboratory of the National Taiwan University Hospital. Results: Genetic analysis revealed 26 confirmed pathogenic variants of bi-allelic SLC26A4 gene of 8 different types in 13 cases, and c.919-2A>G variant was dominant with 46% (12/26) in allele frequency, and c.2027T>A (p.L676Q) variant 19% (5/26), c.1318A>T(p.K440X) variant 11% (3/26), c.1229C>T (p.T410M) variant 8% (2/26) ) , c.716T>A (p.V239D), c.281C>T (p.T94I), c.1546dupC, and c.1975G>C (p.V659L) variants were each 4% (1/26)- revealed. Two male children, 11 years old (SLC26A4: c.919-2A>G) and 7 years old (SLC26A4: c.919-2A>G:, SLC26A4: c.2027T>A (p.L676Q))had history of born normal hearing and progressive hearing loss. Conclusions 1. 26 variants of bi-allelic SLC26A4 gene mutation were detected in Mongolian people with EVA and Mondini malformation, and c.919-2A>G was the most dominant allele variant, and rare variants such as c.1546dupC, c.716T>A (p.V239D) were detected. 2. Our study shows that whole-exome sequencing (WES) can identify gene mutations that are not detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or NGS analysis.