Culling protein is a member of Cullin-Ring-based E3-ligases ( CRLs family) , which belong to E3 ubiquitin ligases. Cullin plays diverse and essential roles in many biological processes through mediating the ubiquitination of target proteins. This article summarizes the potential functions of Culling proteins in gamete genesis and maturation, embryo development, and reproductive related disorders.
Cullin Proteins ; Humans ; Urogenital System

Current opinions on diagnosis and management of lower genitourinary injury: in bladder, urethra and outside genital organ. Bladder trauma included bladder tear and bladder break (break in and outside of peritoneum). Retrograde urethrography with contrast media was a standard method in diagnosis of bladder break. Treatment: bladder sutured operation was absolute indicated for break in peritoneum; break outside of peritoneum could be treated by putting a large size urethra tube. In urethra injury: 37-93% cases of posterior urethral break and at least 75% cases of anterior urethral break experienced bleeding symptoms. Diagnosis method: retrograde urethrography with contrast media. Treatment: percutaneous cystostomy and urethral imaging test performed just before intervention. Outside genital organ’s trauma accounted for 1/3-2/3 of urogenital organ trauma. The injury was common in male, rarely in vulva of female. In cases of skin loss of penis or testicle, they were conservative treated. A partial or total urethra break needed to suture one-stage on catheter to make barrel and urine intubation
Urogenital System ; Urogenital System/injuries ; Wounds and Injuries ; Urinary Bladder ; Urethra ; Genitalia ; Diagnosis ; Therapeutics

Since menopause hormone therapy was first introduced, it has been widely used worldwide as the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women and for genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Menopause hormone therapy has been shown to prevent bone loss and fracture, but it may additionally offer various benefits for numerous other symptoms. The benefit-to-risk ratio of menopause hormone therapy is most favorable for women aged younger than 60 years or who are within 10 years of menopause onset and have no contraindications. Longer durations of therapy should be limited to patients with documented indications, such as persistent vasomotor symptoms or bone loss. For genitourinary syndrome of menopause, low-dose vaginal estrogen therapy or other therapies are recommended. Tibolone is a synthetic steroid that provides a therapeutic effect in the treatment of menopausal symptoms.
Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Menopause ; Osteoporosis ; Urogenital System ; Vasomotor System

Endometriosis is a disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity. It is common in women of childbearing age, and is most frequently located in the pelvic cavity. Approximately 10% of endometriosis cases occur outside of the pelvic cavity in locations such as the intestines, genitourinary system, kidneys, lungs, and skin. However, there have been few reports of endometriosis in the stomach. Here, we report a rare case of endometriosis that presented as a subepithelial stomach tumor.
Endometriosis* ; Female ; Humans ; Intestines ; Kidney ; Lung ; Skin ; Stomach ; Urogenital System

Epidermal nevi are benign congenital hamartomas derived from the embryonal ectoderm. They may also be associated with anomalies of musculoskeletal, nervous, ocular, and rarely cardiovascular and urogenital system in an epidermal nevus syndrome. To find out these abnormalities, careful history taking, thorough physical evaluation, and long-term follow-up are advisable in a patient with wide spread epidermal nevus. We report a case of diffuse epidermal nevi involving the scalp, face, trunk, and limbs in a newborn.
Ectoderm ; Extremities ; Hamartoma ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Nevus* ; Scalp ; Urogenital System

Although fungal infections involving the genitourinary system are increasing in case, those involving the prostate are uncommon and fungal prostatic abscesses are especially rare. There are a few sporadic reports in the literature of fungal prostatic abscess. We thought that a high index of suspicion for fungal prostatic infection must be maintained especially in high risk patients. We report a case of candidal prostatic abscess in a 37-year old man with diabetes. The diagnosis and management are discussed, and the literature is reviewed.
Abscess* ; Adult ; Candida albicans ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Prostate ; Urogenital System

Pericyte, also known as mural cell or Rouget cell, is one of the main cells that make up the wall of capillaries. Pericytes play important roles not only in the maturation, stability, and function maintenance of blood vessels, but also in the growth and development of tissues and organs, wound repair, and other physiological and pathological processes. Researches on the functions of pericytes are mainly concentrated on their multipotency, adjustment of vascular functions, and process of fibrosis, as well as on renal fibrosis, renal blood flow regulation, and glomerular filtration in urology, but are quite insufficient in andrology. This article reviews the location, origin, distribution, morphology, markers, and functions of pericytes, aiming to induce further studies of pericytes in andrology.
Fibrosis ; pathology ; Humans ; Pericytes ; physiology ; Urogenital System ; cytology

Urethral calculi are relatively unusual. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report in the literature of abscess formation related to calculus-induced urethral rupture. We report a case of a 57-year-old man with a periurethral abscess at the penoscrotal junction caused by urethral stones.
Abscess ; Calculi ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Rupture ; Urethra ; Urogenital System

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to establish a multi-center birth defects monitoring system for evaluating the prevalence and serial occurrence of birth defects in Korea. METHODS: Seven centers participated in this monitoring system. Trained nurses actively collected the 42,015 delivery records obtained from delivery units and pediatric clinics in the participating hospitals every month. RESULTS: We observed 722 birth defects among 42,015 births including live births and stillbirths. The prevalence of birth defect was 1.7%. About one thirds of birth defects were terminated. The most frequent congenital anomalies were cleft lip and Down syndrome. The highest proportion of birth defects was 20.1% in urogenital system. The proportion of birth defects in cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal system were 17.1% and 14.1% respectively. Chromosomal anomalies and genetic syndromes represent 13.4% and 3.3% among birth defects respectively. Among chromosomal anomalies Down syndrome was at the first rank. CONCLUSION: We could establish multi-center active monitoring system for birth defects successfully. To check serial occurrence of birth defects, it is necessary to increase participating hospitals and to launch the nationwide multi-center study.
Cardiovascular System ; Cleft Lip ; Congenital Abnormalities* ; Down Syndrome ; Korea* ; Live Birth ; Parturition* ; Prevalence ; Stillbirth ; Urogenital System

Lymphangioma is a benign tumor resulted from abnormal communication between large dermal lymphatic channels and central lymphatic system. The tumor is encountered more often in the neck and axilla and less often in mediastinum, omentum, retroperitoneum, and scrotum. It rarely developed at urogenital system, and there has been no previous description of lymphangioma involving the bladder wall in Korea. We report a case of 35-year-old female with infected huge lymphagioma arising from pelvic cavity and involving bladder wall.
Adult ; Axilla ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymphangioma* ; Lymphatic System ; Mediastinum ; Neck ; Omentum ; Scrotum ; Urinary Bladder ; Urogenital System