Enormous progresses have been made in recent years for the involvement of nervous system in particular the vagus nerve in inflammatory responses. The parasympathetic nerve can be activated by “inflammatory reflex” to inhibit macrophages, via their specific nicotinic receptor ?-7 subunit, and hence to reduce the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that plays a pivotal role in many inflammatory reactions and is a key mediator for septic shock. This cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway has been utilized, with positive outcomes, by means of either pharmacological or electrical stimulation in animal models against inflammatory responses and septic shock. Monoclonal antibodies against TNF and other pro-inflammatory cytokines have also been developed and used against inflammation experimentally and clinically. Although clinical use of these new treatments have yielded primitive and only limited results, these new research findings and concepts are important for the advance of modern medicine, as well as for better comprehension of some theories and practices in traditional medicine. Future directions are discussed herewith. [