BackgroundAn estimated 522 066 students are studying in secondary school of Mongolia and it was 19% of total population. Population life expectancy and health status is directly related to adolescents’ health, as many chronic disease conditions are affiliated with adolescence. Many premature deaths among adults result from behavior initiated during adolescence. According to the NRC survey, one in thirteen schoolchildren (7.3%) was underweight, 16.3% was stunting, and 13.8% were iodine deficiency. It has taken 52.8% of total daily energy among 11-14 years schoolchildren and 50.5% were between 15 and 17 ages. In addition, research in Mongolia in 2005 indicate serious problems in healthy eating behavior; 8% of adolescents consumed milk products on daily basis, 71.7% had breakfast only sometimes, and 83.2% had a meal one time per day. Micronutrient deficiency such as anemia, A, D vitamins among them is cause of low consumption of vegetable and fruits. There is a need to study schoolchildren’s dietary recall.ObjectiveTo study and evaluate schoolchildren’s nutritional statusMaterials and MethodsThe descriptive and cross sectional study was carried out in 4 districts of Ulaanbaatar city (750 schoolchildren from each district) and 2 aimags (889 schoolchildren from Uvurkhangai and 925 from Dornod) of Mongolia. Also determined current nutrition situation of surveyed schoolchildren by using 24 hours recall method and assessed.ResultA total of 4760 (46.6% boys and 53.4% girls) school children surveyed and 46.6% were boys and 53.4% were girls. 71.7 percent of total respondents have breakfast sometimes, 83.2 of them have a lunch only one time per day, and 38.3 percent of total daily energy takes from dinner and have not any difference between age groups. Adolescent aged 7-10 years takes 92.7 percent of total calorie, 90.1 percent of protein, 93.9 percent of carbohydrate and 92.3 percent of fat compared to RDI of Mongolia and thus animale fat is the 1.6 times more than the norm. Consumption of vitamins and minerials such as vitamin A, and iron8 calcium were insufficient among schoolchildren. Specially, it was lower among male student than female. For instance vitamin C intake was 48.0- 58.6 percent among female students aged above 11 years and it was 47.3- 51.8 percent for male students. About 30 percent of total calcium is consumed per day among overal respondents. Conclusions:1. Daily intake of basic nutrients and energy is lower by 10-30 percent than RDI of Mongolia among schoolchildren.2. High consumption of in diet among male adolescents of age 15 years and above causes disbalance of adequate ratio of main nutrients as protein8 fat and carbohydrates.3. There is not enough suffecient consumption of vitamins and minerials specially calcium.

Introduction: Foodborne diseases are a major public health concern worldwide. The report, which estimates the burden of foodborne diseases – states that each year as many as 600 million, or almost 1 in 10 people in the world, fall ill after consuming contaminated food. Of these, 420 000 people die, including 125 000 children under the age of 5 years. The 20.3% of diarrhea and 27.5% of die caused by contaminated foods are diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC). Aim: To identify of DEC and determine their antibiotic resistance from ready-to-eat salads Material and Methods: A total of 40 bagged salad mix samples were collected from food markets in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Escherichia coli (E.coli) strains were determined on the basis of MNS 6308:2012 standard and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in samples. DEC was identified using multiplex PCR. Bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents determined by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Our results showed the presence of E. coli in 19 samples (47.5%). DEC isolates identified by multiplex PCR were defined as follows: the presence of eae and bfp for EPEC, the presence of lt for ETEC, the presence of ipaH for EIEC, the presence of stx1 and stx2 for EHEC, the presence of aap and aggR for EAEC, and the presence of daaE for DAEC. The multiplex PCR assays detected EHEC 6 (31.6%), EPEC 5 (26.3%), EIEC 1 (5.3%). EAEC and ETEC were not detected in samples. The E.coli isolates were 73.7% resistant to chloramphenicol as the first choice of treatment of diarrhea and high resistance (68.4-94.7%) to the cephalosporins. In our country, cephalosporins are widely used in medical practice for the treatment of infectious diseases. Conclusion In this study, about half of ready-to-eat salads are contaminated with E. coli. The three types (EHEC, EPEC, EIEC) of DEC pathotypes were identified in the ready-to-eat salads and high prevalent of antimicrobial resistance. Future research is required to track the contamination sources and develop appropriate steps that should be taken by industry and retailers to reduce microbial contamination in ready-to-eat salads.

Background: Sleep is a complex neuropsychological, biological, and physiological process essential to human health. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder worldwide. In Asian countries, 12–40% of the population, and in the United States, 35.8% of the population are estimated to be at high risk for OSA. In Mongolia, however, there is limited research on the prevalence of OSA, which led to the initiation of this study. Aim: To determine the prevalence and risk level of OSA among the Mongolian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,405 individuals aged 18 and older from the clinical Mon-Timeline cohort study were assessed using the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ). The BQ evaluates three categories: snoring and witnessed apneas, daytime sleepiness, and high blood pressure and obesity. Individuals who met criteria in any two of the three categories were classified as being at high risk for OSA. Data on educational attainment and lifestyle behaviors were collected using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test, Pearson’s chi-square test (χ²), and ANOVA. Results: The mean age of participants was 42 ± 14.3 years, and 42.5% were male. A total of 24.3% (n=341) were found to be at high risk for OSA. The risk increased with age: 6.7% in individuals under 30, 28.3% in those aged 30–50, and 39.4% in those over 50. Participants at high risk for OSA tended to be older and more physically inactive. Additionally, 41.7% of all participants reported snoring, and 39.3% of those stated that their snoring disturbed others. Conclusion A significant portion (24.4%) of the Mongolian population is at high risk for OSA. These individuals are more likely to be older and physically inactive. The high prevalence of snoring and associated disturbances suggests a need for increased awareness, early detection, and age-targeted prevention strategies in Mongolia.