BACKGROUND:The prevalence of overweight or obesity in populations has increased in recent decades in developed countries.The results of Mongolian Steps Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors revealed that21.8% were overweight and 9.8% obese in 2006.Overweight and obesity lead to serious health consequences such as: cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus andsome types of cancer.Overweight and obesity is defined as an excess body fat content for statur (Bray GA, Bouchard C, James WPT. 1998).Ideally, the best assessment of overweight and obesity would be a measure of actual body fat (Deborah A, Galuska andLaura Kettel Khan, 2001). Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the association between overweight or obesityand body fat mass and body- fat percentage levels in Mongolian people.GOAL:The goal of this study was to explore the body fat mass and body fat percentage in Mongolian people by the categoriesof gender, age groups and body mass index categories.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This study was conducted from April 2008 to April 2009 in Ulaanbaatar Songdo Hospital. We were chosen 240 peopleaged 16 to 80 years by the random sampling method.Height was measured using the Ultrasonic Height meter ‘’UHM-101’’ (Jawon Medical Co.Ltd, SK). Body mass index,body fat mass and body fat percentages were measured using a segmental bioelectrical impedance meter (‘’X-SCANPLUS II+Body Composition Analyzer, Jawon Medical Co.Ltd, SK). The percentage of body fat and body-fat mass weredescribed in regard to age, sex, weight and height of an individual.RESULTS: The survey results on BMI categories (WHO 2000), 39.6% had normal weight while 35, 8% were overweight and were15.8% obese I, 7.1% obese II, and 1.7% obese III, respectively. The percentage levels of body fat were 27-31% in malesand 33 - 42% in women aged 39-70 years.Body fat mass and body fat percentage levels were high in population with overweight and obesity.The daily consumption of fat was higher than the Mongolian RDA.CONCLUSION: Body fat percentage levels and body fat mass were increased with age and BMI categories.

Even though the use and production of polychlorinated biphyls (PCBs) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides have been regulated worldwide, in agreement with the Stockholm convention in 2001, they are still posing serious environmental threat both to wildlife and humans. These lipophilic compounds, with high resistance to degradation and long half- lives in humans, have been confirmed to bioaccumulate in fatty tissues of biological specimens such as blood, breast milk, and adipose tissues through dietary intake. The analysis of these tissues reveals the rate of exposure and distribution in the environment.

Introduction: In the current time, the information on medical sciences is in a huge increase due to focused researches in medicine to expand knowledge. Although there are a lot of knowledge in medicine, it is urgently required to introduce new teaching methods for medical students. Aim: We have applied the method "Problem-based learning" to compare to traditional teaching method in medical genetics. Method: In the study, 22 students in 2 groups were participated and the data were collected by using external evaluation, student grades and questionnaire. Results: According to the result, the student participation was evaluated as good and excellent in 82% of PBL-taught group. Moreover, the student grades were "A" and "B" marked in 82% of PBL-taught group. Finally, the result showed that the students' satisfaction of PBL-taught group to medical genetics was found as 100%. Conclusion Taking together, those results suggested that the method "Problem-based learning" might be an effective tool to teach medical genetics for students.

Introduction: Many studies have been intensively conducted in the field of pharmaceutical engineering to improve the drug efficiency by developing effective drug delivery systems. In recent years, it has been reported that the concentration of amoxicillin in blood and stomach after administration is not stable thereby decreasing its therapeutic efficacy. In the current, we aimed to develop a red blood cell-based drug delivery system to maintain the amoxicillin serum concentration. Method: Erythrocyte swelling technology was used to prepare amoxicillin-loaded red blood cells. After that, the shape, drug content, entrapment efficiency, hemolysis, drug release rate and antibacterial effect were thoroughly investigated. Results: Developed drug delivery system was round in shape. The drug content and entrapment efficiency were 33% and 62%, respectively. The drug release rate was evaluated around 2.03%. Furthermore, the amoxicillin-loaded red blood cells were an effective agent against E.coli while it wasn’t effective against S.aureus. Conclusion The results indicated that the red blood cell-based technology could stabilize the amoxicillin serum concentration.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of the total aflatoxin in peanuts, and their concentration level.Material and MethodThis cross-sectional survey was conducted in seven district of Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia,from March to December 2015.A total of 41 samples of peanuts were randomly collected from the survey area, from March to December2015. An ELISA test was used for detection the total aflatoxins(B1+B2). The relative humidity andtemperatures of the storage areas were measured at the time of sampling the peanut.ResultsThe Frequency statistics analysis showed that 61% of all analyzed peanut samples had detectablelevels of the total aflatoxinat 0.05 μg kg-1. The prevalence of samples contaminated with the totalaflatoxins(B1+B2) were higher among analysed samples of the tree nuts, peanuts imported from China,and canned nuts (P<=0.01). Levels of the total aflatoxins were less than the maximum permissible limitsof 15 μg kg by the regulation of European Union and worldwide. The mean values of the storage relativehumidityat the time of sampling peanuts were higher than the recommended storage relative humidity incorn cereals (<13%). Furthermore, the mean values of the storage temperatures at the time of samplingpeanuts were higher in groundnut peanuts, cedar’s nut and peanuts imported from China than therecommended level of the storage temperature in corn cereals (10°C-21°C).Conclusion:The prevalence of the total aflatoxin in peanuts was higher. The level of the total aflatoxins were less thanthe maximum permissible limits of 15 μg kg-1 by the regulation of European Union and worldwide. Thestorage relative humidity and temperatures of peanuts may encourage the growth of fungi-producingaflatoxins. Thus, a national strategy for the elimination of aflatoxin in foods is needed in Mongolia.

Abstract We have worked on the research related with total flavonoid isolated Rhododendron Adamsii Rehder, which enhance and restore physical energy and reduce mental pain. According to the result, the highest amount (2.4±0.007%) of the total flavonoids was found in the 40% ethanol extract of Rhododendron Adamsii Rehder at 60 minutes of extraction time. Subsequently, the granulated formulation from the extract of Rhododendron Adamsii Rehder was prepared by using 4% of gelatin, 4% of polyvinylchloride and 4% of carboxymethyl cellulose. The fluidity and pouring weight of the granule was evaluated and 4% of gelatin was chosen as the suitable binder for the formulation. In conclusion, we have successfully developed the granulated formulation from Rhododendron Adamsii Rehder.

Introduction: Humans are exposed to aflatoxins by consuming foods contaminated with products of fungal growth. Aflatoxin is associated with both acute and chronic toxicity in humans including acute liver damage, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancers. The risk of liver cancer in individuals exposed to chronic HBV infection and aflatoxin is up to 30 times greater than the risk in individuals exposed to aflatoxin (Groopman JD, Kensler TW, Wild CP, 2008). Thus, we aimed to assess the awareness regarding aflatoxins in individuals exposed to B virus infection. Goal: To assess the knowledge regarding aflatoxin for individuals exposed to B virus infection. Materials and Methods: In order to study the knowledge of subjects exposed to B virus infection regarding aflatoxins, information from 308 individuals who agreed to participate in this survey was collected through by 11 different questions, and data analysis taken in 308 subjects’ information. Result: In the total subjects studied, 175 were female and 133 were male. One and three percent of the participants had no formal schooling, 8.8% completed college, 53.3% had a secondary education, 36.6% had university education level.
By the results, 88.4% out of 309 individuals had no head about aflatoxin. All 309 individuals had answered to the questions “What are the aflatoxins“. Eighty three and nine percent out of 309 individuals said did not know. Also they answered to the questions “How is aflatoxin produces“. Eighty and three percent out of 305 individuals said did not know. Also, 291 participants answered to the questions “Does it produce in foods“. Fifty one and sex percent said “No”. Furthermore, 296 participants had answered to the questions “Does it produce in grain foods“. Fifty three and seven percent said did not know. Also, all of 303 participants answered to the questions “How is aflatoxin harmful to human health“. Seventy one and sex percent said did not know. Conclusion Findings of this survey indicated that the awareness regarding aflatoxin was poor and inadequate in studied individuals. Therefore, this survey results shows that the importance on the raising the awareness of aflatoxin in individuals exposed to B virus infection.

Abstract A model document of World Health Organization for good manufacturing practices was primarily adopted by some consultants in the field of pharmacy in accordance with the deci- sion of the Twentieth World Health Assembly in 1967. Subsequently, the model document for good manufacturing practices was accepted with the title “Draft requirements for good manufacturing practice in the manufacture and quality control of medicines and pharmaceutical specialties” in the Twenty-First World Health Assembly.
In this review, good manufacturing practices adopted in Mongolia has been compared to those of the United States of America, Peoples Republic of China, Thailand, Indonesia and Cambodia. According to the comparison, the requirements in the good manufacturing practices of Mongolia, including specialists, building, equipment, hygiene, raw materials, documentation, validation, product recall and quality control, have been considered to be similar with those of the countries.

Introduction: According to the annual health report of Mongolia, non-communicable diseases are rising. Digestive system diseases, the second leading cause of morbidity in the population, account for an average of 15.5 percent of all morbidity over the last 10 years. In traditional Mongolian medicine, Plantago Major L has been widely used as a remedy for wound healing, cholangitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Material and method: The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. The leaves of Plantago Major L were chosen as the main raw materials and UV spectrophotometer, shaker, thin-layer chromatographic plates (Silica gel 60 F 254, Germany), and UV light were used in the experiment. The leaves of Plantago Major L were extracted with 40% ethyl alcohol in a soxlet apparatus and evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract. Result: Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of granule and ethyl alcohol extracts of Plantago Major L revealed yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) at the same level as the standard substance rutin on the plate, indicating the presence of flavonoids. The highest light absorption was 250 nm when determining the sensitive wavelength of ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L between 200 nm and 520 nm. The total flavonoids contained 3.95 ± 0.17% (p <0.001) in 40% ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L. Conclusion It was detected that quantitative mass of total flavonoids in liquid extracts from was 3.95±0.17%.

Introduction: According to the annual health report of Mongolia, non-communicable diseases are rising. Digestive system diseases, the second leading cause of morbidity in the population, account for an average of 15.5 percent of all morbidity over the last 10 years. In traditional Mongolian medicine, Plantago Major L has been widely used as a remedy for wound healing, cholangitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Material and method: The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. The leaves of Plantago Major L were chosen as the main raw materials and UV spectrophotometer, shaker, thin-layer chromatographic plates (Silica gel 60 F 254, Germany), and UV light were used in the experiment. The leaves of Plantago Major L were extracted with 40% ethyl alcohol in a soxlet apparatus and evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract. Result: Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of granule and ethyl alcohol extracts of Plantago Major L revealed yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) at the same level as the standard substance rutin on the plate, indicating the presence of flavonoids. The highest light absorption was 250 nm when determining the sensitive wavelength of ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L between 200 nm and 520 nm. The total flavonoids contained 3.95 ± 0.17% (p <0.001) in 40% ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L. Conclusion It was detected that quantitative mass of total flavonoids in liquid extracts from was 3.95±0.17%.