Sports-related traumatic brain injury (srTBI) is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by sports, which can result in cognitive and motor dysfunction. Currently, research on the molecular mechanism of srTBI and related drug development mainly relies on monolayer culture models and animal models. However, many differences exist in cell populations and inflammatory responses between these models and human pathophysiological processes. Most of the researches derived from the models can't effectively conducted translational research. Emerging three-dimensional (3D)
Animals ; Brain Injuries ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic ; Humans

Due to its high incidence, high disability rate, and high mortality rate, traumatic brain injury (TBI) poses a serious threat to human health. This manuscript describes the urgent problems currently existing in China's TBI treatment and proposes a scheme of a nationwide collaboration platform for the treatment of TBI so as to improve the overall level of TBI treatment in China, and reduce disability and mortality rates in TBI patients.
Brain Injuries, Traumatic ; rehabilitation ; therapy ; China ; Humans

Objective To study the characteristics of positive expression of integrin β1 in the rat brain tissue of two kinds of traumatic brain injury models and to explore the feasibility of inferring the mode of traumatic brain injury using the positive expression of integrin β1. Methods The occipital region of rats was hit by hydraulic impact method and pendulum striking method to produce two closed brain injury models of linear and rotation acceleration respectively, then 120 SD rats were randomly divided into linear acceleration injury group, rotation acceleration injury group, sham operation group and normal control group. Immunohistochemistry staining and Western blotting method were used to detect the positive expression of integrin β1 in different parts of the brain tissue at 30 min, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 3 d and 7 d after rat injury. The data was processed statistically by SPSS 18.0 software. Results The positive expression of integrin β1 was detected 30 min after brain injury and reached the peak 6 h after brain injury. With the extension of injury time, the expression tended to enhance. At the same time points after injury, the differences in the positive expression of integrin β1 between the linear acceleration injury group and the rotation acceleration injury group in the occipital strike point and thalamus had no statistical significance （ P>0.05）, but the differences in the expression of integrin β1 in the frontal lobe and brain stem had statistical significance （P<0.05）. Conclusion The characteristics of positive expression of integrin β1 in brain tissue can be used to infer the strike point and the manner of injury and has application value for the reconstruction of craniocerebral injury process.
Animals ; Brain/metabolism* ; Brain Injuries ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic ; Integrin beta1/metabolism* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate recovering consciousness effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on patients after traumatic brain injury (TBI) surgery. METHODS: A total of 100 patients with traumatic coma were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 50 cases in each group. The control group was mainly treated with awakening drugs and neurotrophic drugs; on the basis of treatment in the control group, the observation group was treated with EA at Neiguan (PC 6) and Shuigou (GV 26) with disperse-dense wave, 2 Hz/100 Hz in frequency, 0.1-5 mA in intensity. After 30 min of EA, the needles were stayed 60 min. The treatment was performed once a day for 14 consecutive days. The changes in Glasgow coma score (GCS) was observed in the two groups before treatment and after 7, 14 days of treatment; and the two groups were followed up for 3 months after treatment to evaluate the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) and Barthel index (BI) scores. RESULTS: After 7, 14 days of treatment, the GCS scores of the two groups were higher than those before treatment (<0.05), and the increase degree in the observation group was significantly larger than that in the control group (<0.05). At 3 months of follow-up, the GOS and BI scores of the observation group were better than those of the control group (<0.05). CONCLUSION Early electroacupuncture intervention can effectively promote the recovery of consciousness after traumatic brain injury surgery, and has a curative long-term effect.
Acupuncture Points ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic ; surgery ; therapy ; Consciousness ; Electroacupuncture ; Humans

Given the lack of infrastructure in Papua New Guinea (PNG) traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases are usually not retrieved quickly to medical centres. Cases that eventually reach the hospital do so after the golden hour has passed. This means that the brain is already at risk of or is already subject to secondary brain injury. In TBI, the parenchymal integrity of the normal, the penumbrous and the lacerated tissue needs to be kept in a state of balance, such that the normal tissue is not compromised. The whole aim of neuroprotection is to protect the normal brain parenchyma from further injury. Secondary brain injury is minimized by reducing cerebral oedema and intracranial pressure, in order to improve cerebral blood flow and perfusion. This guideline describes the options for neuroprotection in PNG.
Traumatic brain injuries ; Papua New Guinea ; neuroprotection ; Tissues ; Research

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been responsible for 25-30% of surgical deaths in Port Moresby General Hospital (PMGH) over the last 30 years despite being responsible for only 5% of the admissions. AIM: To document the epidemiology of TBI over a period of two years from 2003 to 2004 and compare this to the previous two decades in PMGH and elsewhere. The treatment and outcome of TBI cases are analyzed. METHODS: All TBI cases were included from January 2003 to December 2004. The Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) were documented at admission and discharge. These cases were followed up in the outpatient department for at least 6 months. RESULTS: There were 262 cases of TBI admitted between January 2003 and December 2004. There were 31 deaths during this period. 28 deaths were in the severe TBI category (GCS 3-8) and 3 in the moderate category (GCS 9-12). CONCLUSION: The case fatality rate of severe TBI has been reduced from 60% to just below 30% over the period of 2 years. The formation of a single unit managing TBI over two years may be one factor contributing to this improvement. Interpersonal violence has replaced motor vehicle accidents as the leading cause of death from TBI.
Traumatic brain injuries ; Mores ; Port - alcoholic beverage ; Hospitals, General ; trends

Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is on the rise, traumatic events and their consequences are often hidden or minimized by patients for reasons linked to PTSD itself. Traumatic experiences can be broadly classified into mental stress (MS) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the cellular mechanisms of MS- or TBI-induced PTSD remain unknown. Recent evidence has shown that the morphological remodeling of astrocytes accompanies and arguably contributes to fearful memories and stress-related disorders. In this review, we summarize the roles of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of MS-PTSD and TBI-PTSD. Astrocytes synthesize and secrete neurotrophic, pro- and anti-inflammatory factors and regulate the microenvironment of the nervous tissue through metabolic pathways, ionostatic control, and homeostatic clearance of neurotransmitters. Stress or trauma-associated impairment of these vital astrocytic functions contribute to the pathophysiological evolution of PTSD and may present therapeutic targets.
Astrocytes ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic ; Fear ; Humans ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy*

Post traumatic epilepsy （PTE） refers to the epileptic seizures after traumatic brain injury. Organic damage can be found by imaging examination, and abnormal electroencephalogram can be detected via electroencephalogram examination which has the similar location of the brain injury. PTE has the characteristics of low incidence, absence of case reports, and easy to exaggerate the state of illness, which add difficulties to the forensic identification. This paper reviews the status of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical treatment and forensic identification for PTE.
Brain Injuries, Traumatic/physiopathology* ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy ; Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic/pathology* ; Forensic Pathology ; Humans ; Incidence

Post traumatic epilepsy （PTE） is a serious complication of traumatic brain injury and a difficult problem in forensic justice practice. In recent years, many biomarkers have been applied to the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of injuries and diseases. There have been many studies on the biomarkers of PTE in the field of epilepsy. This paper reviews the progress in research on biomarkers of PTE in recent years in order to provide reference for the forensic identification of PTE.
Biomarkers/analysis* ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/diagnosis* ; Epilepsy/etiology* ; Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic/etiology* ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress on the mechanism related to traumatic brain injury (TBI) to promote fracture healing, and to provide theoretical basis for clinical treatment of fracture non-union. METHODS: The research literature on TBI to promote fracture healing at home and abroad was reviewed, the role of TBI in fracture healing was summarized from three aspects of nerves, body fluids, and immunity, to explore new ideas for the treatment of fracture non-union. RESULTS: Numerous studies have shown that fracture healing is faster in patients with fracture combined with TBI than in patients with simple fracture. It is found that the expression of various cytokines and hormones in the body fluids of patients with fracture and TBI is significantly higher than that of patients with simple fracture, and the neurofactors released by the nervous system reaches the fracture site through the damaged blood-brain barrier, and the chemotaxis and aggregation of inflammatory cells and inflammatory factors at the fracture end of patients with combined TBI also differs significantly from those of patients with simple fracture. A complex network of humoral, neural, and immunomodulatory networks together promote regeneration of blood vessels at the fracture site, osteoblasts differentiation, and inhibition of osteoclasts activity. CONCLUSION TBI promotes fracture healing through a complex network of neural, humoral, and immunomodulatory, and can treat fracture non-union by intervening in the perifracture microenvironment.
Humans ; Fracture Healing/physiology* ; Brain Injuries/metabolism* ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic ; Fractures, Bone ; Osteogenesis