Objective: In Japan, beta 2 agonist (BA) has an indication for acute bronchitis with airway obstruction. To investigate BA prescribing practices for children whose diagnosis were acute bronchitis without asthma in Japan, a database study and interviews with pediatricians were conducted.
Design: Database study
Methods: We conducted a database study. Using the Japan Medical Data Center database, medical receipts of about 100,000 children younger than 18 years old were obtained between 2005 and 2008. First we identified all the new incidences (362,287 cases) of upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, or acute bronchitis. Outcome measure was prescription of BA within 21 days of the incidence. We calculated the prescription proportions of BA for the asthma group (41,064 cases) and the non-asthma group (321,223 cases). We then interviewed 10 pediatricians to elucidate the reason why they prescribe BA for patients.
Results: The proportion of children prescribed BA at least once a year in 3-5 years old was 49.9 %. Among 3-5 year olds with acute bronchitis, the BA prescription proportions in the asthma group (58.6%) was nearly as high as that in the non-asthma group (56.6%). Although BA prescription proportions in the asthma group decreased annually with the exception of 0-2 years old, those in the non-asthma group remain unchanged. Based on the interview study, we found interpretations of airway obstruction for acute bronchitis without asthma were broadly-divided into 2 types: the effect of inducing bronchospasm and the effect of producing large amounts of secretions in the airways.
Conclusion: In this study, it was revealed that pediatric patients with acute bronchitis were commonly prescribed BA in Japan. To promote an appropriate use of BA, prescriptions of BA to non-asthma pediatric patients should be carefully watched. (Jpn J Pharmacoepidemiol 2012; 17(1): 1-12)

Objective:It is well known that the use of benzodiazepines is associated with falling in elderly people, but there have been few researches focused on changes in the dose of benzodiazepines and falls. If the association between changes in the dose of benzodiazepines and falling becomes clear, we may take an action to prevent falling.In this study, we investigated the association between changes in the dose of benzodiazepines and falling among elderly inpatients in an acute-care hospital.
Design:Falling generally results from an interaction of multiple and diverse risk factors and situations, and medication history of each subject must be considered in this study. We conducted a case-crossover study in which a case was used as his/her own control at different time periods. Therefore covariates that were not time-dependent were automatically adjusted in this study.
Methods:Subjects were patients who had falling at one hospital between April 1, 2008 and November 30, 2009. Data were collected from incident report forms and medical records. Odds ratio for changes in the dose of benzodiazepines were calculated using conditional logistic regression analyses.
Results:A total of 422 falling by elderly people were eligible for this study. The odds ratio for increased amounts of benzodiazepines was 2.02(95% Confidence Interval(CI):1.15, 3.56). On the other hand, the odds ratio for decreased amounts of benzodiazepines was 1.11(95%CI:0.63,1.97).
Conclusion:There was an association between increased amounts of benzodiazepines and falling. Hence, it is considered meaningful to pay attention to falling when amounts of benzodiazepines are increased to prevent falling in hospitals.