I will illustrate our research, which elucidate the efficacy of Kampo medicines for “Ki”.In order to compare hangekobokuto with kososan, we assessed them by binocular infrared video pupillography. The results revealed that sympathetic nerve activity was inhibited by taking hangekobokuto in the patients belonging to sympathetic dominant group, while it was stimulated by taking kososan in the patients belonging to parasympathetic dominant group.Administration of hangekobokuto has decreased the value of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. This result suggests that hangekobokuto ameliorates the elasticity of vascular wall, which is closely related to autonomic nervous system.The gastric emptying rate, which was evaluated by ultrasonographic method in FD patients, showed its significant increase after administration of hangekobokuto.Global gene expression analysis using a DNA chip has shown the pharmacological actions of kososan.In the animal study using depression-like model mice, we have found that kososan decreased the suppression of neurogenesis.
Medicine, Kampo ; experience (practice) ; Clinical Research ; Cancer patients and suicide and depression ; Psychological suppression

We experienced 2 cases in which Kampo (Chinese medicine) treatment was effective for septic osteoarthritis. Case 1 : a 34-year-old female. Septic coxarthritis developed with no left hip joint abnormality being noted, while DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) from MRSA pneumonia was treated. Surgeries were carried out five times, but there was no wound closure, and exudate discharge continued. At first, she was treated with Hochuekkito, did not run a fever, and good granulation tissue was formed in the wound. After a change to Senkinnaitakusan, exudate quantity decreased. Moreover, after an external fixation operation and being treated with Juzentaihoto, epithelization progressed, and the wound eventually closed. Case 2 : a 79-year-old female. One year and 6 months after osteosynthesis with compression hip screw was carried out for a femoral neck fracture, operation scar complications and large quantities of exudate were seen, so we diagnosed her with late onset septic osteomyelitis. She gained weight with Juzentaihoto treatment, while a decrease in exudates and fistula closure with Astragali Radix and Ginseng Radix were confirmed by MRI, and her nutritional state improved. Generally speaking, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis are difficult to treat, but Kampo medicines were curatively effective for these diseases, particularly when increasing Astragali Radix and Ginseng Radix quantity.

We report a case of chronic heart failure successfully treated with bukuryokyoninkanzotokaboiogi. The case was an 87-year-old woman whose chief complaint was chest oppression at rest. She had been diagnosed with chronic heart failure and treated at a university hospital for 6 years, including several episodes of hospitalization. The patient's chest oppression was so strong that she felt depressed. Therefore, she consulted our institute to receive a Kampo treatment in addition to the western medications she was taking. At the patient's first visit to our institute, her serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) value was 545pg/ml, and her cardiothoracic rate (CTR) on chest radiogram was 64.1. The severity of the patient's chest oppression was class IV, according to the classification system of the New York Heart Association (NYHA). After we prescribed bukuryokyoninkanzotokaboiogi, her chest oppression and depressive mood gradually improved. Approximately one year later, the patient's BNP value had lowered to 104pg/ml, and CTR was reduced to 57.5. Eventually, her chest oppression and depressive mood disappeared completely. At that time, the chest oppression was categorized as class I in NYHA classification. Treatment with western medicines was not changed over the total clinical course of this case. These results suggest that bukuryokyoninkanzotokaboiogi could be a useful formulation for the treatment of chronic heart failure.

On one hand a matchless Kampo clinician, on the other a dedicated collector of antique books, Otsuka Yoshinori (1900-1980) left for posterity his immense personal library: The Shukindo bunko. We at the Medical History Department (Kitasato Research Institute) have organized and catalogued Otsuka's library. In addition to our announcement of the completion of the catalogue, we wish to introduce a summary of his life and his collection.
I. Brief biography/achievements/the person
1) the origins of the Shukindo, 2) medical specialization in Kumamoto, 3) opening a clinic in Kochi, 4) to the capital to study Kampo, 5) clinical research and educational pursuits, 6) the dispersal of the library during the war and the post-war Nishi Ogikubo years.
II. Shukindo bunko
1) the order of things, 2) the special nature of the collection, 3) the prominence of the ‘Shang Han Lun’ and ‘Jin Kui Yao Lue’ texts, 4)the substantiality of the Koho-school, 5)the Gosei-school; the Kosho-school; acupuncture and moxibustion texts.

Background and objective : Diet has been recognized as an important part of Kampo medicine, and various plants with which we often cook are included as components of many Kampo formulations. Accordingly, nutritional science is closely related to Kampo medicine. So there is a need for national registered dietitian and nutritional science students to learn Kampo medicine. Despite this, no survey has reported on the awareness of nutritional science students toward Kampo medicine in Japan. We conducted for the first time a survey on this awareness amongst nutritional science students about Kampo medicine.Methods : A 13-item anonymous questionnaire was distributed to the third-year students in a national registered dietitian training program in Japan.Results : We obtained answers from 509 students in 9 institutions. Of the respondents, 59.3% answered that they were interested in Kampo medicine, and 86.4% of the students who were not interested in Kampo medicine answered that the reason was they had no chance to learn it. However, 81.3% of the students answered that they would attend lectures on Kampo medicine if it was adopted as part of their curriculum.Conclusions : These results suggest that Kampo medicine should be included in educational programs for nutritional science students.

Case 1 was a 40-year-old woman who used a facial treatment machine and felt burning facial pain at night.She then felt unpleasantness in her facial skin all day long and was too uncomfortable to leave her home. We prescribed kamikihito. Ten days later, she felt the positive effects of treatment. Forty-five days later, she did not feel the unpleasantness on her facial skin, and she was able to go out again. Case 2 was a 36-year-old woman who had intense inflammation of her face, because she had stopped treatment with a steroid ointment.After 6 months, her face still felt hot and strange, which decreased her quality of life. We prescribed yokukan sankachinpihange. Four weeks later, she felt the positive effects of the treatment, and 14 weeks later, she was able to restart her part-time job. Because both of these cases had received various types of conventional medi cal therapy in the beginning that were not effective, their Kampo therapy was begun a long after the start of their abnormal facial sensation symptoms. Kampo therapy demonstrated a positive effect after approximately one month in both of these refractory cases. Thus we recommend Kampo medicines for the treatment of abnor mal facial sensations.

Treating tinnitus with modern Western medicines is difficult. Several studies have reported that Kampo medicines are efficacious for treating tinnitus, and therefore, it is expected that these medicines will gain widespread use in the future for tinnitus treatment. We retrospectively examined the efficacy of Kampo medicines prescribed on the basis of Kampo diagnoses for chronic tinnitus patients. The study population included 331 patients (114 men, 217 women) and average age was 57.8 years. The overall effective rate of Kampo medicines in tinnitus was 38.4% and increased to 64.6% after including effects for the accompanying symptoms (e.g., dizziness, insomnia, and headache). Hangekobokuto was prescribed most frequently. The effective rate for hangekobokuto in tinnitus was 32.1% and significantly increased when it was used in combination with a herb, chotoko (Hook of Uncaria, rhynchophylla Miquel) (p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). The effects and modern pharmacological action of chotoko indicate that it may be effective for tinnitus. Given that tinnitus was intractable in study subjects who had been treated using other therapy approaches earlier (84% of the population), the findings indicate that Kampo medicine may be partially effective for tinnitus.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by four major motor symptoms : resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia and postural instability. As the treatment period for Parkinson's disease is prolonged,psychological symptoms and motor complications occur frequently. Wearing-off fluctuations are the major motor complications caused by the shortening of levodopa efficacy time. They have serious influence on the quality of life (QOL) of patients with Parkinson's disease. There have been numerous reports on treatment of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) with Kampo medicine. There have also been recent reports on treatment of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of Parkinson's with the Kampo medicine, yokukansan. On the other hand, there are few reports on treatment of the motor symptoms and motor complications of Parkinson's with yokukansan. We experienced two cases in which the levodopa-induced hallucinations and wearing-off fluctuations in Parkinson's sufferers were improved conspicuously with this Kampo medicine. These findings suggest that yokukansan improves both levodopa-induced psychological symptoms and motor complications by achieving curative effect with levodopa/carbidopa.

We report two cases of unexplained thoracodorsal pain, which were successfully treated with the Kampo formulations karogaihakuhakushuto and karogaihakuhangeto. In case 1, the patient was a 67-year-old man. Left thoracodorsal pain appeared in this patient two months after the administration of chemotherapy for transverse colon cancer with hepatic metastasis. Bone metastasis was ruled out by bone scintigraphy, but the cause of the pain was still unknown. The Kampo formulation karogaihakuhakushuto was prescribed and the pain was reduced after two weeks, and disappeared within three months. In case 2, the patient was a 40-year-old man. Right thoracodorsal pain appeared in the right hypochondriac region without an apparent cause. Examinations, such as computed tomography and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, were conducted, but the cause of the pain remained undiagnosed. The pain was not improved with pain killers, karogaihakuhakushuto was prescribed, and the pain was then reduced in about a month. The authors considered thoracodorsalpain as already described in the great classic Kinkiyoryaku (Chin Keiu Yao Lueh). We then prescribed karogaihakuhakushuto and karogaihakuhangeto, which resulted in immediate clinical improvement. These clinical courses indicate that the formulae can be effective for the treatment of thoracodorsal pain of unknown origin. Furthermore, the effect of herbal medicines and herbal decoctions boiled with rice wine may make it possible to have a more imminent effect on thoracodorsal pain.

Mengen is an acute symptom that sometimes occurs after administration of a Kampo formula. It is a shortterm phenomenon and its onset indicates that the patient's clinical course will improve rapidly. It is important to distinguish it from other adverse events, which are not temporary. However, to date, detailed analysis of mengen characteristics such as its frequency, time of onset after Kampo administration, and duration have not been reported. Therefore, we report a precise analysis of mengen characteristics through a literature review of case reports published between 1945 and 2009 in Japan, and retrospective analyses of the cases in our institute.
The literature review revealed that 42% patients developed symptoms of mengen within a day of administration, and 79% developed symptoms within 3 days. In terms of mengen duration, the symptoms persisted for 1 day in 35% cases and 3 days in 63% cases. A diagnosis of mengen proved difficult in 39% cases that presented with atypical symptoms.
Overall, the retrospective analysis of the cases in our institute revealed that 11 patients (7.7%) developed mengen, among 143 patients treated with Kampo between May 2010 and November 2011.