Student nurses must be competently prepared to address the rising human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in the Philippines. This article presents the development and effect of the online HIV Prevention and Care Training (HPCT) program for student nurses. The Iowa Model-Revised guided the development of the program. Literature review, student and faculty engagements, advocate participation, resources and protocol assessment, and pre-HPCT survey analysis were systematically performed to determine the contents and delivery of the program. The participants were 2nd and 3rd year level student nurses who were asked to answer the pre- and post-HPCT online surveys containing sociodemographic, HIV knowledge, attitudes, and perceived practices, and program evaluation questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using SPSS version 23. Student nurses in the post-HPCTsurvey obtained significantly higher HIV knowledge scale mean scores (mean=18.22, SD=4.138) than those in the pre-HPCT survey (mean=15.01, SD=4.069) (p=.000). Pre- to post-HPCT survey revealed significant decreases in the proportions of student nurses who agreed on the following: HIV-positive patients should not be put in rooms with other patients when admitted to hospital (44.3%, 31.6%; p=.004); the need to worry about putting family and friends at risk of contracting the disease when caring for a person with HIV/AIDS (39.7%, 26.4%; p=.002); and healthcare workers are worried of getting HIV/AIDS from caring for a person with HIV/AIDS in their work environment (47.2%, 37.5%; p=.011). Significantly, more student nurses in the post-HPCT survey agreed in all the items of the HIV practice scale than those in the pre-HPCT survey. The online HPCTprogram was acceptable with beneficial effects on student nurses' HIV knowledge, attitudes, and perceived practices. There is a need to highlight basic HIV concepts and integrate HIV developments in the education of student nurses.
Evidence-Based Nursing ; HIV ; Program Development ; Education, Distance

Background: Self-control is an integral concept in understanding the sexual behaviors of men who have sex with men (MSM). It has varying definitions and descriptions which may affect its practical and scientific use. Objective: To examine self-control in the context of MSM's sexual behaviors. Methodology: Walker and Avant's concept analysis method was used to clarify the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of self-control. Results: The attributes of self-control were recognition of sexual impulses, rationalization of sexual perceptions, and regulation of sexual behaviors. The antecedents of self-control were personal drivers, situational experiences, social linkages, and environmental structures. Self-control promotes empowered decision-making toward sexual behaviors and HIV risk reduction. Variations exist in how self-control is conceptualized and measured. Conclusion Self-control does not automatically mean inhibiting sexual urges and avoiding sexual engagements. It involves a conscious effort to make independent decisions over one's sexual thoughts, emotions, and actions.
Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Health Education ; Self-Control

OBJECTIVES: To investigate home visiting for mothers and young infants, age birth-to-12 months, program goals, interventions used, home visitor characteristics and qualifications, and the program content and outcomes. METHODS: Electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, and Sagepub were used. Eleven studies investi- gating home visiting from 2011-to-2016 were included. Studies were included if they: 1) were a primary study; 2) commenced during the antepartum or early postpartum period for mothers and finished before or when the infant was 12 months old; 3) and provided a description of home visiting program in terms of goal, type of home visitor, content, length, and outcomes. Data extraction included goals, activities, home visitor characteristics and qualifications, and outcomes. A descriptive approach was used to synthesize data. RESULTS: Home visiting impacted birth preparedness, newborn care practices, breastfeeding practices, and home environment necessary for maternal wellness and child health and development. CONCLUSION Home visits in developed and underdeveloped countries create positive outcomes for mothers and infants. It is important to understand the process in order to make it more effective.

Background: Nurses comprise the largest group of health professionals in the Philippines, and turnover remains a challenge to the workforce and healthcare system. Understanding the extent of the problem and multiple factors related to turnover rates is crucial in retaining nurses in the organization and profession. Objectives: The study aimed to (1) describe and compare nurses' turnover intention, (2) identify factors for nurses' turnover intention, and (3) determine factors to promote nurses' retention in their current organization. Methodology: This descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study was conducted through a survey that sought the participants' sociodemographic and work-related characteristics and their perceived practice environment, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job stress, and alternative job opportunities. Additional questions were added to identify the participants' reasons for their intention to leave their current job and stay in their current organizations. Results: The final sample comprised 297 nurses. Significant differences in the nurses' turnover intention scores were found across multiple demographic, personal, and work-related factors. The final multiple logistic regression model revealed that 'influence of peers to leave,' 'desire to try new things,' practice environment, and organizational commitment were significant factors in the nurses' turnover intention. Staff nurses perceived practice environment (n=246) as the primary reason to stay in their current organization while it was compensation and benefits (n=25) for nurse managers. Conclusion A collaborative approach among the sectors of a healthcare organization is needed to develop a policy framework that advocates and promotes positive practice environment, job satisfaction, career progression, and personal well-being among nurses and other healthcare workers.
Nursing ; Workplace

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Interprofessional Education (IPE) is a necessary step in preparing a collaborative practice- ready health workforce that is better prepared to respond to local and global health needs. This study examined the status of IPE implementation in Asian nursing schools in the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region (WPR).

METHODS

Descriptive online survey research design was utilized, supplemented by online interviews. Purposive sampling was done wherein nursing schools, colleges, and universities were invited to nominate a representative to serve as respondent in this study. Descriptive approach was used to analyze both quantitative and qualitative data.

RESULTS

A total of 29 Asian nursing schools participated in the survey. Majority (82.76%) of them stated that they have an IPE program or a similar activity. Interviews with the respondents revealed that not all IPE opportunities were part of a formal IPE program, but were embedded in the different learning activities of nursing students. A clear program focus served as one of the facilitators of IPE implementation. Identified barriers included insufficient administrative support and lack of trained faculty to implement IPE and related activities.

CONCLUSION

IPE is present in most Asian nursing schools in WPR. They may not exactly be called or recognized as IPE, but there is the existence of programs and activities that bring together health and non-health science students to learn from, about, and with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health outcomes. It is recommended that massive formal training should be conducted so that educational institutions and their faculty will be equipped in developing more formal programs, facilitate activities, and monitor implementation and progress.

Interprofessional Education ; Education, Nursing

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to determine the basic histomorphologic effects of Bacillus clausii (B. clausii) spores in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) O127:H21-infected mice by evaluating the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and intestinal mucosa.

METHODS: The study involved 46 apparently healthy Balb/c mice (Mus musculus) which were acclimatized for 19 days prior to any intervention. Sixteen mice were used to determine the sublethal dose of E. coli, which was performed by administering serially-diluted solutions and subsequent generation of a standard curve. From the remaining 30 mice, ten served as normal controls while the remaining 20 were randomized to receive either B. clausii or placebo of sterile water for a week. All mice were then challenged with E. coli for another week and euthanized, and the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and small intestine harvested and examined microscopically. All study personnel were blinded of the treatment assignments.

RESULTS: Histologic evaluation of the small intestine in E. coli only-fed mice exhibited prominent attachment effacement lesions, with severely denuded mucosa, lymphocytic infiltration, and debris in the intestinal lumen. However, mice given B. clausii prior to E. coli infection displayed only minimal mucosal damage with less sloughing of villus tips, plus increased mucus-secreting goblet cells. In the spleen, E. coli only-fed mice showed moderate to severe lymphoid hyperplasia with blurred boundaries between red and white pulp. In contrast, mice which received B. clausii prior to E. coli infection had only mild degrees of lymphoid hyperplasia. Similar findings were seen in the mesenteric lymph nodes where E. coli only-fed mice showed moderate to severe lymphoid hyperplasia while those given B. clausii prior to E. coli infection merely had mild lymphoid hyperplasia.

CONCLUSION: B. clausii exerts a potential protective and immunomodulatory action in E. coli O127:H21-infected mice based on histomorphologic effects. However, additional studies are needed to fully characterize these mechanisms.mice based on histomorphologic effects. 

Animal ; Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli ; Goblet Cells ; Mice, Inbred Balb C ; Spleen ; Bacillus Clausii ; Hyperplasia ; Escherichia Coli Infections ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Lymph Nodes

Objective: To compare the visual performance and patient-reported outcomes of three types of monofocal intraocular lenses (IOL) with different asphericities. Methods: This cross-sectional, comparative study comprised of 62 pseudophakic eyes divided into three groups corresponding to the IOL that they were previously implanted with (Tecnis ZCB00 negative aspheric IOL, EnVista MX60 neutral aspheric IOL and Akreos Adapt spheric IOL). Mean refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE), best-corrected far visual acuity (BCVA), spherical aberration (SA), contrast sensitivity (SC), halo and starburst, and responses to a qualitative questionnaire (NEI-RQL) were measured. Results: There was no significant difference in MRSE (P=0.74) and BCVA (P=0.52) among the three groups. There was a statistically significant difference (P=0.00) in mean internal (lens) SA, measured through a 5mm pupil, among Tecnis (-0.150 μm), EnVista (+0.022 μm) and Akreos Adapt (+0.094 μm). Compared to the Akreos Adapt, the Tecnis and EnVista groups had significantly better CS at 6 CPD and 12 CPD under mesopic testing without glare (P= 0.01) and at 6 CPD mesopic testing with glare (P=0.04). Halo scores were insignificant among the three groups. However, starburst scores were significantly worse in the Akreos Adapt IOL than the Tecnis and EnVista (P=0.01). There was no difference in questionnaire responses among the three groups. Conclusion The negative aspheric and neutral aspheric lenses showed significantly lower SA resulting in better CS in mesopic conditions and better starburst scores. MRSE, BCVA and subjective satisfaction were statistically similar regardless of the type of monofocal intraocular lens
Contrast Sensitivity

BACKGROUND

Without adequate preparation and competence, nursing students entering the practice might not respond effectively to the growing health and healthcare disparities among the LGBTQ+ population.

OBJECTIVE

Guided by Pacquiao's Framework for Culturally Competent Healthcare, the study aimed to describe and to compare nursing students' self-rated LGBTQ+ care competence by personal, sociocultural, and educational characteristics, and identify the relationship between LGBTQ+ care competence, level of compassion, and the number of LGBTQ+-related topics offered in nursing curriculum.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was implemented through online survey among fourth-year nursing students (N = 208) from nursing schools in Metro Manila using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender-Nursing Education Assessment instrument, the Revised Short Version of the Compassionate Love for Humanity Scale, and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Development of Clinical Skills Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

RESULTS

Nursing students' overall LGBTQ+ care competence mean rating score was 5.21 out of 7.0. Attitudinal awareness had the highest mean rating score (mean= 6.34, SD= 0.98), followed by basic knowledge (mean= 4.93, SD= 1.27) and clinical preparedness (mean=4.25, SD=1.23). Significant differences in the overall LGBTQ+ care competence mean rating scores were found based on exposure to LGBTQ+-related media contents (p=.03), personal experience in caring for LGBTQ+ clients (p=.00), ethnicity (p=.020), friends' acceptance of LGBTQ.

CONCLUSION

Findings show that the current generation of nursing students has more positive awareness, acceptance, and attitudes toward the LGBTQ+ population. Embedding LGBTQ+ health in the nursing curriculum must be strategically placed.

Cultural Competency ; Education, Nursing ; Students, Nursing ; Sexual And Gender Minorities

OBJECTIVE: To compare the visual, refractive, and patient-reported outcomes of eyes implanted with one of 3 trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, comparative, non-interventional study wherein subjects implanted with FineVision Micro F, AT LISA tri 839MP or AcrySof IQ PanOptix trifocal IOL after phacoemulsification were recruited. Manifest refraction, uncorrected and corrected visual acuity (VA) at distance, intermediate and near vision, contrast sensitivity, modulated transfer function (MTF) values and questionnaire answers were compared among the 3 groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: Fifty-seven (57) eyes were included in the study: 21 eyes with FineVision (group A), 21 eyes with LISA tri (group B), and 15 eyes with PanOptix IOL (group C). The post-operative mean manifest spherical equivalent was -0.01D, -0.07D, and 0.05D, respectively (p=0.083). Uncorrected distance VA and best-corrected distance VA were similar among the groups. Groups A and C had better uncorrected and corrected intermediate VA at 80 cm and at 60 cm compared to group B. Group A had significantly better uncorrected near visual acuity than groups B and C (p=0.032). Mesopic contrast sensitivity testing showed group C had higher contrast sensitivities without glare in at the spatial frequency of 6 CPD (p=0.038) and with glare at 3 CPD (p=0.039) and at 12 CPD (p=0.009). MTF average height analysis showed that the group A had significantly superior resolution in far targets compared to groups B and C (p=0.001). At near targets, groups A and C had better resolutions compared to group B (p=0.017). There was no significant difference in patient satisfaction for far, intermediate and near VA among the groups. CONCLUSION: Eyes implanted with any of the 3 trifocal IOL designs achieved excellent uncorrected and bestcorrected distance, intermediate and near vision. FineVision and PanOptix provided significantly better intermediate vision than LISA tri at both 80 cm and 60 cm testing distance. FineVision had better near visual outcomes than PanOptix and LISA tri. Patient satisfaction was high in all 3 trifocal IOLS
Lenses, Intraocular ; Vision, Ocular