Pediatric kidney disease prevalence has increased over the past decades.The key result of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who needs renal replacement therapy with significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome.It is essential to diagnose CKD in the early phase by assessment of kidney function.We assess the kidney function by detecting serum creatinine(SCr) and blood urea nitrogen(BUN),which are traditional biomarkers and not sensitive to diagnose AKI.We also use cystatin C and β2-microglobulin to evaluate kidney function,which are controversial in clinic.It is difficult to evaluate kidney function exactly for children because glomerular filtration rate(GFR) is different in children with different age and gender.It should be more sensitive and specific to assess pediatric kidney function by applying blood and urine biomarkers and GFR equation together.Nowadays,we should find a more precise equation to evaluate GFR for children in order to monitor the kidney disease progression.It may provide the exact timing for the treatment to prevent ESRD.Therefore,we summarize some GFR equations in order to detect more suitable equation to evaluate GFR for Chinese children with different age,gender and nutrition status.

BACKGROUND: Because of their size effect, nanometer particles (NPs) can combine molecular within cells, which can result in cell necrosis or apoptosis. But there are no systematic mechanisms of apoptosis induced by NPs about biological safety of NPs.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of nano-hydroxyapatite particles on mononuclear macrophage in rat abdominal cavity at celluar and molecular level.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A materials-cytology observation was performed at Shanghai Biomaterials Research & Testing Center from January 2001 to December 2008.MATERIALS: SD rats of clean grade were provided by SINO-BRITISH SIPPR/BK LAB. ANIMAL Co., Ltd.; NPs were provided by Shanghai Institute of Ceramics.METHODS: Peritoneal fluid was extracted under a sterility environment to in vitro separate and culture mononuclear macrophage using adherence method. The concentration of cell was adjusted at 2×10~9/L. At 300 W/40 kHz ultrasound, cell suspension containing 20,100 and 200 mg/L nano-hydroxyapatite particles was prepared to induce mononuclear macrophage for 24 hours, respectively. A normal control group was established.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ultrastructural phenotype was detected using transmission electron microscope; apoptotic rate was measured using AnnexinV-EGFP/PI staining; variation of apoptosis-related P53 gene expression was detected using Western Blot.RESULTS: Pseudopodia of mononuclear macrophage in the normal control group were intact, nuclear membrane was normal, and nucleoplasm was uniformed. After inducing by 20,100, 200 mg/L nano-hydroxyapatite particles for 24 hours, apoptotic morphological characteristics were typical in mononuclear macrophage. Compared with normal control group, apoptotic rate was significantly increased following the induction of 20 and 100 mg/L nano-hydroxyapatite (P< 0.01), and the increasing in the 100 mg/L nano-hydroxyapatite particle group was greater than 20 mg/L nano-hydroxyapatite particle group (P < 0.05). P53 protein was not observed in mononuclear macrophage in the normal control group. Following induction of varying concentrations of nano-hydroxyapatite particles, P53 protein expression was increased in the mononuclear macrophage, and the expression was positively related to concentration of nano-hydroxyapatite particles.CONCLUSION: Nano-hydroxyapatite particles can induce p53 expression through phosphorylation, which promotes downstream genes and finally results in cell apoptosis.

Objective To evaluate the early diagnostic value of 1,3-β-D glucan(BG) and galactomannan(GM) test for invasive fungal infections(IFI)in intensive care unit(ICU) patients.Methods From 2013 to 2015,the concentration of serum BG and GM were detected in 452 cases of ICU patients,including 182 cases with diagnosis of IFI,46 cases with possible diagnosis of IFI and 224 cases of non-IFI.The diagnostic performance of BG,GM and combined test were analyzed.Results The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value(PPV) and negative predictive value(NPV)of BG test were 75.0%,80.4%,75.8%,79.6%.Those of GM test were 25.80%,85.7%,59.5% and 58.7%.The sensitivity and specificity of BG and GM combined test were 87.4% and 94.7% respectively.Conclusion BG and GM combined test could improve the diagnostic efficiency,reduce the false positive rate and false negative rete,which might be helpful for the early diagnosis of IFI in ICU patients.

Objective: To discuss the application value with two-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking technique in the evaluation of left ventricular function in patients with OSAS. Methods: Selected 110 cases of hospital patients with OSAS in recent years, used STI technical analysis of left ventricular myocardium using different directions overall resilience, Left ventricular torsion and systolic mitral annular midpoint of the maximum displacement (MAD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) relationship, performed using SPSS 17.0 statistical correlation analysis. Results: MAD had a significant correlation with LVEF(r=0.81, P<0.01); GLS(r=-0.74, P<0.01),GRS GRS(r=0.57, P<0.01),GCS (r=-0.55, P<0.01) and LVtw(r=0.65, P<0.01)were significantly associated with LVEF;MAD and GLs(r=-0.69, P<0.01),GRs (r=0.49, P<0.01), LVtw (r=0.45, P<0.01)were significantly associated;MAD and GCs (r=-0.39, P<0.05)with a negative correlation. Conclusion:STI resilience through the myocardium, ventricular torsion and systolic mitral annular maximum displacement at the midpoint of the analysis, can accurately evaluate left ventricular longitudinal, radial and torsional motion synchronization, highly correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction, good consistency, with a very broad application prospects.

Objective To establish a gemcitabine-resistant human nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)cell line and study its characteristics.Methods The drug-resistant cell line CNE2/Gem was established by a procedure of treating the human NPC cells CNE2 with gemcitabine by pulse drug selection and continuous stepwise selection.The IC50 and resistance index(RI)to several commonly used anti-tumor drugs were tested by MTT assay.Fluorescence activated cell analysis(FACS)was employed for determining the cell cycle and concentration of fluorescence dye rhodamine 123 within the cells.Cell growth curve,doubling time and cell morphology were measured and observed.Results Duplication time of CNE2 and CNE2/Gem was 17.13h and 23.13h,respectively,as evaluated by the growth curve.The IC50 to gemcitabine increased from 2.84?1.63?g/ml in CNE2 to 42.95?7.53?g/ml in CNE2/Gem as tested by MTT assay at 48～72h exposure,the RI was 23.61(P

Objective To investigate the distribution and expression of total amount and two subtypes of very low density lipoprotein receptor(VLDLR)in various tissues(heart,cerebrum,kidney,muscle,adipose)of normal SD rats and type 2 diabetic SD rats.Methods The mRNA of VLDLR from various tissues were amplified by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.Results The expression levels of VLDLR were reduced in all collected tissues compared with normal ones,especially in cerebrum,kidney,muscle,adipose(P

OBJECTIVE To find out the status of and impact factors on bacterial concentration in clean operating room.METHODS Set a questionnaire to the staff in the operating room of 24 tertiary 3A hospitals.RESULTS The 9 basic questions got correct and accordant answers.The answers for the 5 questions which were related to the characteristic of clean operating room had biger errors and difference.CONCLUSIONS The investigatees know about the basic requirements of the detecting method for bacterial concentration,but lack for the exact cognition of special requirements in clean operating room(e.g.State standard).The sticking point of the current problem is the misunderstanding on the 5 key questions.In order to make sure the excellent air condition in the cleaning operating room,the training of correlative specialty is very important.

Objective To investigate the effect of bevacizumab on apoptosis of drug resistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) cells in vitro.Methods The human nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) cell line CNE2 and its cisplatin-resistant CNE2/DDP cells were treated with bevacizumab and DDP in various concentrations.The lethal effects of the both drugs and the apoptosis rates on CNE2/DDP cells were then measured separately with MTT assay and flow cytometry,the mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax in CNE2,CNE2/DDP and CNE2/DDP/Bev cells were detected with semi-quantitative RT-PCR.Results The killing rate in 10?g/ml bevacizumab group was similar to that of blank group(0.0?4.1% vs.5.2?4.3%,P=0.180),while the rates of combination of 10?g/ml bevacizumab and DDP(0.1?g/ml and 0.2?g/ml,separately) were higher than that of using DDP only(42.3?6.5% vs.34.4?5.4%,P=0.041;62.6?5.5% vs.50.0?5.9%,P=0.009).The apoptotic rate of CNE2/DDP,which was caused by combining 0.1?g/ml DDP and 10?g/ml bevacizumab,was much higher than what was produced by DDP alone(87.29?3.38% vs.50.58?8.83%,P=0.049).By means of semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay,the expressions of Bcl-2 mRNA in CNE2,CNE2/DDP and CNE2/DDP/Bev cells were 0.613,0.952 and 0.135,respectively.Meanwhile,the expressions of Bax mRNA were 0.665,0.387 and 1.751,separately.Conclusion Bevacizumab can greatly increase the drug sensitivity of CNE2/DDP cells to DDP;apoptosis is inhibited in MDR cells,but it can be promoted by bevacizumab.

Objective To carry out a meta-analysis on the published data to evaluate therapeutic effects of intact canal wall mastoidectomy and open mastoidectomy for cholesteatoma otitis media .Methods A comprehensive search was performed in VIP (1989-2015) ,WANFANG (1999-2015) ,CNKI (1994-2015) and CAJD databases to collect the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the intact canal wall mastoidectomy and open mastoidectomy treat cholesteatoma otitis media ,and to analyze the RCTs in meta -analysis method .Results 1 069 patients were analyzed in the 18 RCTs which met the inclusion criteria .Patients were followed up from 3 months to 7 years .The meta-analysis results suggested that ,compared with the open mastoidectomy group ,the patients had less operative time (test for overall effect :Z=15 .54 ,MD= -18 .36 ,95% CI(-24 .54 ,-12 .18) , P<0 .000 01) ,less dry ear time (test for overall effect :Z=8 .64 ,MD= -13 .90 ,95% CI(-17 .05 ,-10 .75) , P<0 .000 01) ,less complica‐tions (test for overall effect :Z=7 .63 ,OR=0 .19 ,95% CI(0 .12 ,0 .29) , P<0 .000 01) ,and more patients with decreased pure tone air conduction thresholds >10 dB (test for overall effect:Z=2 .83 ,OR=2 .47 ,95% CI(1 .32 , 4 .61) ,P=0 .005) ,more patients with air-bone gaps <20 dB(Z=3 .05 ,OR=1 .60 ,95% CI(1 .18 ,2 .17) ,P=0 .002) ,but the recurrent rate is not different significantly (test for overall effect :Z= 1 .92 ,OR =1 .87 ,95% CI (0 .99 ,3 .53) ,P=0 .05) .Conclusion The illness is suitable to be treated by using the two surgical ways while the intact canal wall mastoidectomy treatment takes less operative time ,dry ear time and complications ,and improve hearing more significantly than the open mastoidectomy ,but the recurrent rate is not different significantly for trea‐ting cholesteatoma otitis media .

Tissues and organs generate angiogenesis under the stimulation of angiogenic factors in physiological or pathological conditions.Multiple signal pathways including VEGF, Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, Ang1(2)/tie2 and PIK-Akt etc.have effects on various stages of angiogenesis.VEGF exerts irreplaceable effects on the whole process of angiogenesis through multiple signal pathways.Over the past few years, new progress has been made in the researches of mechanisms regulating angiogenesis through VEGF-related signal pathways both at home and abroad.These findings provide us new theoretical basis for clarification of the pathogenesis of many diseases and clinical drug development.In this article we will summarize the recent research progress in this field, hoping to provide new possibilities for the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.