OBJECTIVE：To esta blish a method for si multaneous determination of 5 components in the branch and root of Juglans mandshurica as gallic acid ，ellagic acid ，1，6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose，1，2，6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose and 1，2，3， 6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose，and to analyze the content difference of above 5 components between the branch and root samples. METHODS：HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of water （containing 0.2％ formic acid ）-acetonitrile （containing 0.2％ formic acid ）. A gradient elution was performed at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃ and the detection wavelength was 270 nm. The sample size was 5 μL. Independent samples t-test and partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）were applied for statistical analysis of 5 components. RESULTS ：The linear range of gallic acid ，ellagic acid ，1，6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose，1，2， 6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose and 1，2，3，6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose were 0.989-63.3，1.58-101，1.01-64.7，3.31-212，3.34-214 μg/mL （r≥0.997 3），respectively. RSDs of precision ，reproducibility and stability tests （12 h）were all lower than 3.2％. The average recoveries of the 5 components were 103.2％（RSD＝4.85％），99.1％（RSD＝2.80％），101.5％（RSD＝1.31％），102.9％（RSD＝ 2.73％）and 104.7％（RSD＝1.28％），respectively. The average contents of the above components in the branch of J. mandshurica were 0.296 5，0.621 1，0.562 5，3.111 7 and 3.451 3 mg/g，respectively. The average contents of above components in the root were 0.673 4，2.755 5，0.964 0，2.946 6 and 4.836 4 mg/g，respectively. The total contents of the 5 components in the branch and roo t of J. mandshurica were 8.043 2 and 12.175 9 mg/g，respectively. The contents of gallic acid ，ellagic acid and 1，6-di-O-galloyl- β-D-glucose in roots were significantly higher than those in branches （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. There were no significant differences in the contents of the other 2 components and the total contents of the 5 components in branches and roots （P＞0.05）. The cumulative interpretability （R 2X，R 2Y） and cumulative predictability （Q 2） of the model established by PLS-DA were 0.943，0.745，and 0.710 respectively. The model load diagram showed that the distance between the ellagic acid and the origin was the farthest ，and only variable projection importance of the content of the ellagic acid was greater than 1. CONCLUSIONS：The established method can be used for the content determination of 5 components in the branch and root of J. mandshurica . Except for 1，2，6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose，the contents of other 4 components and total contents of the 5 components in the root of J. mandshurica are higher than those of the branch. Ellagic acid is selected as the potential marker for discriminating the branch and root samples.

OBJECTIVE：To investigate the internal mechanism of Schisandra sphenanthera and Schisandra chinensis in determining quality by color （“color discrimination grading ”）of medicinal materials ，and to construct a qualitative identification model based on color quantization value. METHODS ：HPLC method was used to determine the contents of 6 active components from 39 batches of samples. The colorimeter was used to determine 3-color spatial value [lightness value （ΔL＊），red-green value （Δa＊），yellow-blue value （Δb＊）]. SPSS 24.0 statistical software was used to analyze the correlation between the contents of 6 active components and 3-color spatial values. Principal component analysis （PCA）was performed by using SIMCA-P 14.1 software. RESULTS：The linear range of schizandrol A ，schizandrol B ，schisandrin A ，schisandrin B ，schisandrin C ，schisantherin A were 0.204 8-2.560 0，0.049 3-0.616 3，0.098 4- 1.230 0，0.046 3-0.578 8，0.010 6-0.132 0，0.100 0-1.500 0 μg（r＞0.999 0）；RSDs of precision ，stability（12 h）and repeatability tests were all less than 3％. The recoveries were 98.14％-101.53％（RSD＝1.08％， n＝6），97.16％-101.05％（RSD＝1.54％，n＝6），98.29％-101.41％（RSD＝1.29％，n＝6），97.17％-100.36％（RSD＝1.20％，n＝ 6），97.32％-102.43％（RSD＝1.77％，n＝6）and 98.02％-100.40％（RSD＝0.84％，n＝6），respectively. Among 39 batches of components were 3.25-7.39，0.96-1.98，0.46-4.74，1.62-2.60， 0.06-0.58，0.48-6.11 mg/g，respectively. Average S. chinensis was － 80.79-－ 70.54， average Δ a ＊ was qq.com # 通 2.54-5.34，average Δb＊ was 5.20-12.83，average ΔE＊ was 71.13-81.23；average ΔL＊ of S. sphe nanthera was －75.90- －69.16，average Δa＊ was 3.77-7.82，average Δb＊ was 8.59-17.23，average ΔE＊ was 69.99-77.92. The results of relationship analysis showed that the contents of schizandrol A ，schizandrol B ，schisandrin A ，schisandrin B and schisantherin A were significantly correlated with ΔL＊，Δa＊，ΔE＊（P＜0.01），with no significant correlation with Δb＊（P＞0.05）. There was a negative correlation of the content of schisandrin C with ΔL＊ and Δa＊（P＜0.05），and there was no significant correlation with Δb＊ and ΔE＊ （P＞0.05）. Results of PCA showed that accumulative variance contribution rate of primary 2 main components was 89.8％，and S. sphenanthera and S. chinensis could be identified significantly. CONCLUSIONS ：The content of schizandrol A in S. chinensis is high relatively ，and content of schisantherin A in S. sphenanthera is high relatively. Schizandrol A ，schizandrol B and schisandrin B were not detected in S. sphenanthera . The 3-color spatial value of S. sphenanthera and S. chinensis are different ，that is ，the brightness of S. chinensis is small and the color is slant black ，while the color of S. sphenanthera is slant red and yellow. The contents of active components of S. sphenanthera and S. chinensis is related to the surface 3-color spatial values ，that is ，the darker the color is ，the weaker the red degree is ，and the higher the contents of schizandrol A ，schizandrol B ，schisandrin B and schisandrin C are ；the brighter the surface color is ，the stronger the red degree is ，and the higher the contents of schisandrin A and schisantherin A are. The established content determination method is precise and stable ，and can be used for the content determination of S. sphenanthera and S. chinensis . The color qualitative identification model can be used for the identification of S. sphenanthera and S. chinensis .

OBJECTIVE： To prepare Resveratrol-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-chitosan sustained-release pellets （RES-HP-β- CD-Chitosan）， and to characterize it. METHODS： Resveratrol raw material， HP-β-cyclodextrin and chitosan were collected with ratio of 1 ∶ 7 ∶ 0.25. Resveratrol-HP-β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound were prepared by solvent method， and then added into chitosan， RES-HP-β-CD-Chitosan were prepared by spray drying method. Particle size of prepared sustained-released pellets were observed by optical microscope. X-ray， DSC， IR and SEM were used to characterize RES-HP-β-CD-Chitosan. The contents of resveratrol in prepared sustained-released pellets were determined by UV spectrum， and drug-loading amount and encapsulation efficiency were calculated. RESULTS： Particle size of prepared RES-HP-β-CD-Chitosan was （2.23±0.35） μm （n＝300）. Characterization results show that RES-HP-β-CD-Chitosan was spherical in shape； shrinkage was found on the surface of microspheres， and resveratrol was included in HP-β-cyclodextrin in molecule or amorphous state. Drug-loading amount of prepared RES-HP-β-CD-Chitosan was 11.67％ （n＝3）， encapsulation efficiency was 96.27％ （n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS： RES-HP-β-CD- Chitosan is prepared successfully.

OBJECTIVE： To investigate in vitro release rate and in vivo pharmacokinetics of Resveratrol/hydroxypropyl-β- cyclodextrin/chitosan sustained-release pellets （RES/HP-β-CD/Chitosan） in rats. METHODS： In vitro release rate of RES raw materials， RES-HP-β-CD complexes （RES/HP-β-CD） and RES/HP-β-CD/Chitosan in water within 12 h were investigated by paddle method. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of RES raw materials， RES/HP-β-CD and RES/HP-β-CD/Chitosan were compared within 720 min after intragastric administration. RESULTS： Compared with RES raw materials， in vitro release rate of RES/HP-β-CD was increased significantly， and 120 min accumulative release rate reached 87％. Compared with RES/HP-β-CD， in vitro release rate of RES/HP-β-CD/Chitosan were relieved significantly； release time prolonged significantly； 12 h accumulative release rate was 72％. The pharmacokinetic parameters of RES raw materials， RES/HP-β-CD and RES/HP-β-CD/Chitosan included that cmax were 473.3， 2 492.2， 590.5 ng/mL； t1/2 were 2.6， 0.5， 4.6 h； AUC0-12 h were 514.7， 824.6， 2 778.5 ng·h/mL. Compared with RES raw materials， relative bioavailability of RES/HP-β-CD and RES/HP-β-CD/Chitosan were 172.5％ and 540.0％. CONCLUSIONS： RES/HP-β-CD/Chitosan shows good sustained-release effect， and its bioavailability is significantly higher than that of RES raw materials， RES/HP-β-CD.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of CT lymphangiography (CTL) combined with direct lymphangiography (DLG) in primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL). Methods Sixteen patients diagnosed as PIL with intestinal enteroscopy were recruited in this retrospective study. All the patients were performed DLG and CTL one week before exploratory laparotomy. Subjective assessment in DLG included weak lymphatic fluid drainage, lymphangiectasia, lymphatic reflux, fistula and thoracic outlet reflux or obstruction. While for CTL combined with DLG, the intestinal and extra-intestinal lesions were evaluated, including lymph node, edema, lymphangiectasia and abnormal distribution, fistula, and lymphangiomatosis. All the diagnosis was compared with intestinal endoscopy results. Results For DLG, 16 weak lymphatic fluid drainages, 9 lymphangiectasia, 1 fistula with abdomen and 14 thoracic outlets weak lymphatic fluid drainage or obstruction were found. For DLG combined with CTL, 16 intestinal lumens dilatation and 14 circumferential intestinal thickening were found in intestinal lesions. While for extra-intestinal lesions, the imaging features included edematous findings (12 in mesentery, 7 ascites only, 2 hydrothorax and ascites, and 3 pericardial, thoracic and abdominal effusions), abdominal lymph nodes (6 cases), lymphangiectasia and abnormal distributions (14 cases), fistulas (lymph-intestinal luminal fistula in 4 cases, and lymph-abdominal fistula in 3 cases), lymphangiomatosis (3 cases), and thoracic duct outlet dysfunction and reflux (14 cases).The number of cases diagnosed as intestinal lymphangiectasia, intestinal luminal lymph exudation and lymph fistula were 16, 10 and 6 with intestinal endoscopy, while the number were 11, 0, and 4 with CTL combination with DLG. Conclusion Combination of CTL with DLG is valuable in the diagnosis of PIL.

Ardipusilloside-I is a natural triterpenoid saponin, which was isolated from Ardisia pusilla A. DC. The aim of the study was to evaluate the stimulation of ardipusilloside-I on gastrointestinal motility in vitro and in vivo. The experiment of smooth muscle contraction directly monitored the contractions of the isolated jejunal segment (IJS) in different contractile states, and the effects of ardipusilloside-I on myosin were measured in the presence of Ca²⁺-calmodulin using the activities of 20 kDa myosin light chain (MLC₂₀) phosphorylation and myosin Mg²⁺-ATPase. The effects of ardipusilloside-I on gastro emptying and intestinal transit in constipation-predominant rats were observed, and the MLCK expression in jejuna of constipated rats was determined by western blot. The results showed that, ardipusilloside-I increased the contractility of IJS in a dose-dependent manner and reversed the low contractile state (LCS) of IJS induced by low Ca²⁺, adrenaline, and atropine respectively. There were synergistic effects on contractivity of IJS between ardipusilloside-I and ACh, high Ca²⁺, and histamine, respectively. Ardipusilloside-I could stimulate the phosphorylation of MLC₂₀ and Mg²⁺-ATPase activities of Ca²⁺- dependent phosphorylated myosin. Ardipusilloside-I also stimulated the gastric emptying and intestinal transit in normal and constipated rats in vivo, respectively, and increased the MLCK expression in the jejuna of constipation-predominant rats. Briefly, the findings demonstrated that ardipusilloside-I could effectively excite gastrointestinal motility in vitro and in vivo.
Animals ; Ardisia ; Atropine ; Blotting, Western ; Epinephrine ; Gastric Emptying ; Gastrointestinal Motility* ; Histamine ; In Vitro Techniques ; Muscle, Smooth* ; Myosin Light Chains* ; Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase* ; Myosins* ; Phosphorylation* ; Rats ; Saponins

Objective To evaluate the value of imaging examinations in the treatment of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) with chylothorax by thoracic duct extremity exploration.Methods Data of 34 LAM with chylothorax confirmed by pathology and clinical diagnosis were retrospectively analyzed.All patients underwent 99Tcm-DX lymphoscintigraphy and CT lymphangiography (CTL).Thoracic duct lesion types of 99Tcm-DX lymphoscintigraphy were type Ⅰ (abnormal concentration pattern),type Ⅱ (ectopic drainage pattern),and type Ⅲ (without image or transient image pattern).The type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ were diagnosed as thoracic duct abnormalities.Thoracic duct lesion types of CTL were type Ⅰ (dilatation pattern),type Ⅱ (distal obstruction pattern),type l (truck constriction pattern),type Ⅳ (ectopic drainage pattern),and type Ⅴ (no-display pattern).Type Ⅰ-Ⅳ were diagnosed as thoracic duct abnormalities.Consistency of displaying thoracic duct abnormalities between 99Tcm-DX lymphoscintigraphy and CTL was evaluated.Results The thoracic duct abnormalities in 99Tcm-DX lymphoscintigraphy were 58.82％ (20/34;type Ⅰ in 17,type Ⅱ in 3,type Ⅲ in 14),and in CTL were 73.53％ (25/34;type Ⅰ in 15,type Ⅱ in 3,type Ⅲ in 5,type Ⅳ in 2,type Ⅴ in 9).The consistency of CTL and 99Tcm-DX lymphoscintigraphy for detecting thoracic duct abnormalities was good (Kappa=0.679).In CTL thoracic duct types,type Ⅰ and Ⅱ were operated by thoracic duct-venous anastomosis or thoracic duct extremity release operation,type Ⅲ was operated by thoracic duct adhesion or compression band release operation,operative approach and method were chosen according to the abnormal thoracic duct flow path in type Ⅳ,type Ⅴ was took conservative treatment.Conclusion CTL is superior to 99Tcm-DX lymphoscintigraphy,which can clearly display the type of thoracic duct lesion and provide imaging informations to choose operation methods in thoracic duct exploration treatment for LAM with chylothorax.

Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a protein produced by the cells in the ischemic reperfusion injury,neuronal or liver damage,skin damage,viral oncogene expression or DNA damage.Recent studies have found that ATF3 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of human malignant tumors.

The roots, barks, branches and pericarps of Juglans mandshurica were used as folk medicine in China and reputed for its treatment of several cancers, such as gastric cancer, liver cancer and leukemia. The extracts of the roots, branches, leaves and pericarps of J. mandshurica have been experimentally proved to show anti-tumor activities. Tannins, which exhibited antioxidant and anti-tumor activities, were the main constituents in J. mandshurica. In this paper, a simple spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of total tannins in the roots, branches, leaves and pericarps of J. mandshurica collected in Dalian and Anshan of Liaoning Province. Gallic acid was used as standard compound and the content of total tannins was calculated as gallic acid equivalent. As a result of the method validation, a good linearity (r = 0.9997, n = 5) and a high recovery of gallic acid (99.02%, RSD 3.7%, n = 9) was achieved. Eight samples including four parts of J. mandshurica collected in two places were analyzed for their total tannins with the established method. In the corresponding parts of J. mandshurica, except the pericarps, the contents of total tannins showed no significant difference between samples collected in Dalian and Anshan, while the content of total tannins in different parts of J. mandshurica were significantly different. The average content of total tannins in the roots, branches, leaves and pericarps of samples collected in Dalian and Anshan was 45.66, 23.40, 58.24, 3.58 mg g(-1), respectively.
Juglans ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Tannins ; analysis

Objective Toinvestigatethevalueofimagingdiagnosisofthe lymphangioleiomyomatosis( LAM ).MethodsFifteen patients with LAM confirmed by pathological assessment were analyzed retrospectively for radiologic findings.They had chest radiograph, chest highresolution CT (HRCT),abdominal CT, direct lymphangiography(DLG), chest CT and abdominal CT after DLG.Results Chest radiograph findings included normal (1),increasing of lung markings (3),disseminated honeycomb or reticular pattern ( 11 ), pneumothorax ( 2 ), and pleural effusion ( 14 ). Chest conventional CT and HRCT showed typical imaging manifestation of PLAM in all cases, including sporadic or disseminated cysts in bilateral lungs. According to the grading standard of pulmonary disease made by Avila et at, there were 3 cases in grade Ⅰ , 5 cases in grade Ⅱ and 7 cases in grade Ⅲ . Fourteen of 15 patients with LAM had positive abdominal CT findings in retroperitoneum and pelvic cavity. Common abdominal CT findings included cystic lymphangioma in 9 of 14 patients, lymphangiomyoma in 13 and both coexisting in 7.One of the14patients alsohadhepaticlipomaandangiomyolipomas.Onepatienthadrenal angiomyolipomas; and one patient had hysteromyoma. All 15 cases underwent DLG, 1 cases had lymphatic obstruction in the lumbar 3 level, the remaining 14 cases had varying degrees of thoracic duct stenosis, or obstruction. Neck trunk, subclavian trunk and bronchial trunk showed lymphatic reflux. On post-DLG CT,thoracic duet outlet obstruction was not demonstrated in 3 cases, the remaining 12 cases showed thoracic outlet obstruction, consistent with the DLG findings.Conclusion HRCT is a useful diagnostic method showing characteristic findings of PLAM. MSCT can help to detect abdominal LAM. DLG and MSCT after DLG have value in displaying obstruction site of thoracic duct or lymphatic trunks and provide guidance for operative treatment.