ObjecUve To provide anatomical basis for diagnosis and therapeutic methods for treating grea-ter occipital nerve entrapment syndrome.Methods With 10 multiples microscope,the trace,distribution,compres-sion and relationship with occipital vessel of greater occipital nerve were observed and measured on 60 specimens of adult corpse.With a vernier caliper the distance of the easily compressed part of greater occipital nerve with external occipital protuberance,mastoidal and superior nuchal line were measured,and the superficial projeetion of the easily compressed part was marked.Results The course of the nerve could be divided into two parts:active part and inac-tive part.The former laid in the nuchal muscles,the latter ran and anchored to superficial fascia of the scalp,and easily compressed,accompanying with occipital vessel.This point lay in medial to occipital vessel and lateral to ex-ternal occipital protuberance(27.60±5.20)mm,and inferior to superior nuchal line(18.46±5.12) mm,and the superficial projection lay in median and superior 1/3 of the line from external occipital protuberance to mastoid apex. Conclusion Treating the greater occipital nerve compression syndrome by closed operation,the best position for needling lays in a bit inferior to point of median and superior 1/3 of the line from external occipital protuberance to mastoid apex.During the operation we should loose the main trunk compression of the greater occipital nerve as well as the branches compression on it.

Objective To investigate the different effects of different resection position of fibula on shape of tibiofibular syndesmosis,and explore the best position of cut fibula,providing reference for clinical surgeon to use fibula reasonably.Methods Ten adult male cadaverie specimens 172-176 cm long were used for 20 shank-ankle specimens.10 cm long fibula was cut proximally at the lower point 1/6,lower point 1/4,lower point 1/3,middle point 1/2 respectively,which was compared with the nornlal one to analyze the changes of shape of tibiofibular syndesmosis.Results Normally,the distance oftibiofibular syndesmosiswas(0.30±0.10)mm.Underthe condition of cut at the lower point 1/6,the distance of tibiofibular syndesmosis was enlarged[(0.54±0.20)mm](P＜0.05).In contrast,under the condition of cut 10 cm long fibula proximally at the middle point 1/2.the distance of tibioffbu1ar syndesmosis hadlittle effect[(0.31±0.20)mm](P＞0.05).Conclusion The best resection position of fibula is in the proximity of the fibula at the point 1/2.

(1) This is an observation of the posterior parietal, gyrus angularis and posterior temporal arteries of the middle cerebral artery in 100 cerebral hemispheres of chinese adult. Of these arteries, the site of appearance, length, number of branches and their direction are observed, inner and outer diameters of the vessels and thickness of the vessel wall are also measured respectively.(2) Both posterior parietal and gyrus angularis arteries appear at the terminal end of lateral cerebral sulcus, the posterior temporal artery appears at the middle part of the lateral cerebral sulcus (58?4.94%) or at the terminal end (42?4.94%). Most of these arteries measure 1～3 cm in length.(3) Most of these arteries remain as a single stem, some of them branch into two and only a few of them branch into three.(4) The average outer diameter of the above-mentioned arteries is 1.11～1.25 mm, the average inner diameter is 0.93～1.03 mm, and the average thickness of their vessel wall is 0.09～0.10 mm.

AIM: To explore the protection of Hyperoside (Hyp) on heart and thoracic aorta in mice with myocardial infarction (MI) as well as its potential mechanism. METHODS: The MI model was generated by a ligation on the left anterior descending coronary artery. The mice were then randomly divided into sham group (saline, 0.1 mg/10 g), model group (saline, 0.1 mg/10 g), Hyp-low, moderate and high concentration groups (Hyp, 9, 18 and 36 mg/kg), Fosinopril group (Fosinopril, 15 mg/kg), and Hyp-high concentration + 3-MA group (Hyp, 36 mg/kg; 3-MA, 30 mg/kg). The mice were treated with Hyp and Fosinopril for two weeks, and then the changes of heart weight versus body weight (HW/BW), electrocardiogram (ECG) remodeling, cardiac function, oxidative stress level in serum, thoracic aorta remodeling and endothelial function were investigated. RESULTS: In the model group, the HW/BW was elevated (P<0.01). The width of QRS in ECG was elevated, as a company with the reduction of height of QRS (P<0.01). The echocardiography assay showed that the cardiac cavity was enlarged (P<0.01). The oxidative stress level in serum was enhanced (P<0.01). The thoracic aorta remodeling and endothelial dysfunction became more serious (P<0.01). After being treated with different concentrations of Hyp and fosinopril for two weeks, the changes above were reserved (P<0.05, P<0.01). Co-treatment with 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, suppressed the protective effects of Hyp on impaired hearts and vessels (P<0.05, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Hyp has protective prospects on injured heart and thoracic aorta remodeling, as well as endothelial dysfunction in MI mice; 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, can reverse the cardiovascular protection of Hyp. The mechanism may be explained that Hyp can elevate autophagy level in heart, which further weaken oxidative injury in MI mice.

Aminopeptidase N (APN) belonging to zinc-dependent metalloproteinase, not only catalyzes protein proteolytic process, but also is involved in the pathogenic process as the receptor of pathogenic toxin. In Bombyx mori, APN gene family consists of 16 members, of which BmAPN4 binds trypsin-activated parasporal crystal (PC) toxin isolated from Bacillus bombysepticus (Bb). In order to verify whether or not other APNs interact with PC toxin during the pathogenesis of Bb, we cloned BmAPN5, a member of aminopeptidase family, from the silkworm midgut. The full length of BmAPN5 is 3313 bp, encoding 953 amino acids, containing a zinc peptidase_M1 and ERAP1_C domains. A recombinant GST-BmAPN5 was purified by a prokaryotic expression system. Far-Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation and ELISA. Binding saturation assays demonstrated that PC after activated by trypsin could be bound by BmAPN5. Additionally, cytotoxic activity of trypsin-activated PC in Sf9 cells transfected with BmAPN5 showed that cells exhibited dramatic cytological changes, including swelling and lysis, revealing BmAPN5 serves as a functional receptor that participates in Bb and PC pathogenicity. These provide some clues for further exploring the pathogenesis relationships of Bb and host.

Although there are 125 predicted DNase Ⅱ-like family genes in the Trichinella spiralis genome, plancitoxin-1-like (Ts-Pt) contains the HKD motif, a typical conserved region of DNase Ⅱ, in N- and C-terminal. It is generally believed that histidine is the active site in DNase Ⅱ. To study the nuclease activity of recombinant Ts-Pt with mutations in the active site from T. spiralis, different fragments of the mutated Ts-Pt genes were cloned using overlap PCR technique and inserted into the expressing vector pET-28a(+), and transformed into Escherichia coli Rosseta (DE3). The fusion proteins were purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and SDS-PAGE. Nuclease activity of the recombinant proteins was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and nuclease-zymography. The recombinant plasmids harboring the mutated Ts-Pt genes were constructed and expressed as inclusive body in a prokaryotic expression system. After renaturation in vitro, the recombinant proteins had no nuclease activity according to agarose gel electrophoresis. However, the expressed proteins as inclusive body displayed the ability to degrade DNA after renaturation in gel. And the nuclease activity was not affected after subjected to mutation of active site in N- and C-termini of Ts-Pt. These results provide the basis to study the relationship between DNase Ⅱ-like protein family and infection of T. spiralis.