Objective To investigate static closure functional characteristics of lower urinary tract in continence in late pregnancy of primigravida through perineal ultrasound and urodynamieal measurement. Methods From January of 2003 to December of 2005,83 primigravida undergoing antenatal health care in Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital were randomly enrolled in the study, while 28 nulliparous women were recruited as control.The perineal ultrasound and urodynamical measurement were performed at the gestation age of 36-40 weeks,in both groups.We analysed the parameters of lower urinary tract function in late pregnancy compared with nullipara,such as maximal urethral closure pressure(MUCP),functional urethral length(FUL),maximal urethral pressure(MUP), valsalva leak point pressure(VLPP),postvoid residual bladder volume(PVRBV)and volume of first desire to voiding(VFDV).Results The average weight of 83 neonates was(3504?404)g.In all of 83 primigravida PVRBV was less than l0 ml.MUP(110 + 22)cm H_2O(1 cm H_2O=0.098 kPa),MUCP (96?22)cm H_2O and FUL(44?9)mm were significantly increased in the third trimester compared with nullipara(P0.05). There were 33 pregnant women suffering from urinary leakage throughout the terms.The data showed that MUCP was significantly lower in the pregnant women with symptoms of leaking than without leaking. Conclusion The static closure function increased significantly compared with nulliparous women.The VLPP was decreased and had relationship with symptoms of leakage.The results suggest that the function of lower urinary tract in continence in late pregnancy of primigravida is complex.

Objective To investigate the current situation of sexual and reproductive health education in Changning District high schools, and to provide theoretical basis for formulating relevant contents and forms of sexual and reproductive health services for teenagers in future. Methods A total of 459 students from 5 high schools were investigated by questionnaire from September to December 2017.The questionnaire included basic information, sexual development and satisfaction with self-gender, attitudes, behaviors, knowledge, access and needs about sexual and reproductive health. Results The subjects consisted of 223 boys (48.6%), and 236 girls (51.4%), 100% of the girls had menstruation, 9% of the boys had no spermatorrhea experience.The girls were significantly higher in proportion than the boys in their sex dissatisfaction; boys were more inclined to support marginal and sexual behavior than girls; 63.4% of boys and girls opposed premarital sexual behavior and girls were more than boys in this regard; boys were more than girls in love experience and masturbation; 52.3% of the boys and girls could understand the knowledge of sexual and reproductive health and no gender difference was found. Their knowledge of contraception is poor, in which the difference between boys and girls was obvious.Girls were more concerned about the dangers of unintended pregnancy.The knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases was generally low.Network, school education, classmates and friends private chat were the top 3 approaches (accounting for 56.9%, 52.7%, 50.5%) for them to obtain the knowledge of sexual and reproductive health; their parents generally lacked sexual and reproductive health education; the proportions of rational demand of sexual psychology, sexual health, sexual physiology (contraception, fertility), prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, sexual ethics were 53.6%, 45.5%, 42.0%, 36.2%, 45.1%, respectively and there was no significant gender difference found in them. Conclusion The attitudes towards sex related behaviors among high school students are still at a relatively conservative stage.Their awareness of contraception, injury of unintended pregnancy, knowledge of sexual transmission and so on needs to be improved.It is imperative to pay attention to gender differences in providing sexual and health education and concept guidance and to help adolescents to establish a systematic and multi-channel health education system.