Objective:To assess the effects of Herbst two phase treatment on temporomandibular joint(TMJ) position analyzed by CBCT.Methods:15 patients of permanent dentition with class Ⅱ malocclusion combined with mandibular retrusion were treated by Herbst appliance as the 1st phase,then the 4 1st premolars of each patient were extracted,the fixed appliance of edgewise was applied as the 2nd phase of treatment.CBCT examination was carried out at the following stages:2 weeks before Herbst treatment(T1),at the start of the treatment when Herbst appliance was placed(T2),immediately after Herbst appliance was removed(T3) and immediately after the edgewise appliance was removed(T4).The InvivoDental software was used to calculate the joint space of TMJ from the three -dimensional CBCT images.The acquired data were then statistically analyzed.Results:During T1-T2-T3 stages,the anterior joint space was decreased and then increased,superior joint space and posterior joint space were increased and then decreased.During T3-T4 stages,the superior joint space and posterior joint space decreased further,but anterior joint space did not change.No significant difference was found in the anterior joint space,superior joint space and posterior joint space between T1 and T4 stage.Conclusion:At the start of treatment with Herbst appliance,the condyle is displaced in an anterior and inferior direction.At the end of functional treatment,especially the end of two phase treatment,the condyle is drawed back nearly to the original position.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Electrodes ; Epistaxis ; surgery ; Female ; Hemostasis, Endoscopic ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Objective: To evaluate the effects of functional appliance and multi-bracket appliance on Angle Class II malocclusions coupled with vertical and transversal problems. Methods:Headgear-activator, Herbst appliance and multi-bracket appliance were used to treat 20 patients with Class II malocclusions coupled with vertical and transversal problems aged from 10 to 15 years. The lateral cephalograms were measured with Winceph 8. 0 software and statistical analysis was carried by SPSS 13. 0 software. Results:The sagi-tal, vertical, transversal problems had mainly been resolved at the end of functional appliance treatment. The SNB were increased( P<0. 05), ANB were decreased(P<0. 05), upper posterior teeth were intruded and distally moved(P<0. 05), lower posterior teeth were extruded and mesialy moved(P<0. 05). After multi-bracket appliance treatment, the anterior teeth achieved normal overbite and over-jet. The molar relationship changed from class II to class I. Mandibular plane angle was not clockwise rotated(P>0. 05). The upper and lower dentition were harmony in sagital, vertical and transversal. Conclusion: Functional appliance combined with multi-bracket appliance can be used effectively and conveniently for the treatment of Class II malocclusions coupled with vertical and transversal prob-lems.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Turkish galls extract (TGE) on the expression of IgA in serum,urine and renal tissue of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) model rats.METHODS Fifty healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group,IgAN model group,and TGE 75,150 and 300 mg· kg-1 groups,10 rats per group.The model of IgAN rats was established with bovine serum albumin (BSA)+lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+carbon tetrachlorid (CCl4)for 12 weeks.From the 13th week,TGE was ig administrated once a day for 4 weeks.At the end of the 12th and 16th weeks,24 h urine protein was measured by BCA method.At the end of the 16th week,serum and urinary IgA levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),serum creatinine(SCR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer,and the renal pathological changes were evaluated with an Oxford classification scoring system.The deposition of IgA immune complex in the kidney was observed by immunofluorescence assay.RESULTS At the end of 12th week,24 h urine protein increased in all IgAN groups (P＜0.05),compared with normal control group.At the end of 16th week,24 h urine protein,IgA content in serum and urine,SCr and BUN content in serum,score in Oxford classification of renal tissue and deposition of IgA immune complex in the kidney in IgAN model group were all higher than in normal control group (P＜0.05).Compared with IgAN model group,24 h urine protein,IgA content in serum and urine and SCr content in serum were decreased in all TGE groups (P＜0.05),and BUN content in serum and deposition of IgA immune complex in the kidney decreased in TGE 150 and 300 mg·kg-1 groups (P＜0.05).The score in Oxford classification of renal tissue was decreased in TGE 300 mg· kg-1 group only.CONCLUSION TGE has curative effect on IgAN model rats by reducing serum and urinary IgA and decreasing IgA immune complex deposition.

Biliary tract diseases have always been one of the important indications for liver transplantation. These biliary tract diseases include congenital atresia of biliary duct, biliary diseases with tendency of malignant transformation, malignant biliary diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis, and secondary biliary cirrhosis. The right time to consider liver transplantation for the above biliary diseases includes situations when transplantation is the only approach to treat the disease, the only effective approach to treat the disease, or one of the effective approaches to treat the disease. Currently there is still no commonly accepted pre-operative evaluation standard for biliary disease-related liver transplantation. However, it is important to obey the following principles. First, the diagnosis should be confirmed; secondary, the necessity or urgency of the liver transplantation should be clarified; and third, the patient and his/her family should understand the whole procedure of transplantation the risk and advantage of the surgery, and the potential life-long intake of immunosuppressors. This article will briefly review all these relavant issues based on the authors' personal experience and clinical cases.
Biliary Atresia ; surgery ; Biliary Tract Diseases ; surgery ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary ; surgery ; Liver Transplantation ; Living Donors

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of angle Class II division 2 malocclusion treated with Herbst appliance in young adults.

METHODSCast splint Herbst appliance and multi-bracket appliance were used to treat 12 patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion aged from 16 to 25 years old. The lateral cephalograms were measured with Winceph 8.0 software and statistical analysis was carried out by SPSS 13.0 software.

RESULTSThe changes in SNA, Co-Go, Go-Po after treatment had no statistical significance (P>0.05). The SNB increased and ANB decreased after treatment. Upper and lower incisors labially inclined and inter-incisor angle increased. Upper posterior teeth had distal movement, lower posterior teeth had mesial movement and extrusion. Mandibular plane angle and occlusal plane angle had clockwise rotation. The overbite decreased significantly, and the molar relationship changed from Class II to Class I in all patients.

CONCLUSIONHerbst appliance combined with multi-bracket appliance can be used effectively for correcting Class II division 2 malocclusion in young adults.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Cephalometry ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II ; Mandible ; Orthodontic Appliances, Functional ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of small interfere RNA (siRNA) targeting the c-myc in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) on the growth of Hep-2 cells in vitro and in vivo.

METHODSHep-2 cells transfected with or without c-myc siRNA were treated with 5-Fu for 48 h. C-myc protein levels in Hep-2 cells were detected using the Western blot. The cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Hep-2 cells were subcutaneously inoculated into the back of BALB/c nude mice to establish the implanted laryngeal squamous carcinoma model. PBS, c-myc siRNA, and 5-Fu, alone or in combinations were administered i.p. The mice were sacrificed after the treatments and the tumor masses were removed to determine the tumor volume and weight. The inhibitory rate was calculated. Expression of c-myc in tumor tissue was detected by immunocytochemistry and cell apoptosis was analyzed by terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).

RESULTSThe protein levels of c-myc decreased after transfected with c-myc siRNA. C-myc siRNA-transfected cells showed an increase in the percentage of cells in the GO-G1 phase and a decrease in the percentage of cells in the S phase. When combined with 5-Fu, the results were improved. The tumor growth was faster in the control group and was significantly slower in the c-myc siRNA plus 5-Fu group than that in the c-myc siRNA group or 5-Fu group (P < 0.05). The tumor weight in the c-myc siRNA plus 5-Fu group was significantly smaller than that in the c-myc siRNA or 5-Fu group (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that c-myc siRNA inhibited the expression of c-myc in tumor tissues in the c-myc siRNA group and c-myc siRNA plus 5-Fu group (P < 0.05). The number of apoptotic cells in the c-myc siRNA plus 5-Fu group was higher than those in the c-myc siRNA groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSC-myc siRNA inhibits the expression of c-myc in Hep-2 cells and in the tumor tissues of nude mice. C-myc siRNA combined with 5-Fu inhibits the growth of implanted laryngeal squamous carcinoma and promotes cell apoptosis. C-myc could become a novel target for the treatment of laryngeal squamous carcinoma.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Female ; Fluorouracil ; pharmacology ; Gene Silencing ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc ; genetics ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; Transfection

Objective To evaluate the long-term results of minimal incision osteotomy for hallux valgus.Methods From February 1996 to May 1999,372 cases(705 feet)with hallux valgus were treated with minimal incision osteotomy.Seventy-nine cases after surgery were followed up for more than 5 years,including 6 males(10 feet)and 73 females(140 feet)with an average age of 47 years(range,13-75 years).The average follow-up time was 7.5 years(range,5.3-13.2 years).The preoperative and postoperative hallux valgus angles(HVA),intermetatarsal angles(IMA),the tibial sesamoid position(TSP),American orthopedic foot and ankle society(AOFAS)score,range of movement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint,and lateral metatarsalgia etc.were observed and measured.And the clinic outcome were studied and evaluated.Results Based on Wen Jian-min's clinic curative effect evaluation criterion(2001),56 feet(37.3%)were excellent,88 feet(58.7%)good ,6 feet(4.0%)fair.The rate of excellent or good was 96.0%(144/150).The postoperative mean AOFAS score was 84.20±4.32 points(range,60-100 points).The mean HVA decreased from 33.28 to 12.31 degrees,the mean IMA from 11.75 to 6.80 degrees.The TSP was corrected from an average preoperative grade of 4.29 to a grade of 3.07 at final follow-up.There are no nonunion or delayed union of osteotomy,avascular necrosis of the 1st metatarsal head,infection,hallux varus.Four feet(2.7%)had numbness in the medial of the big toe.The 1st metatarsophalangeal joint range of motion decreased from 70.20 to 69.53 degrees.There were 97 feet(64.7%)with the 2-5 metatarsalgia before operation,and 35 feet(23.3%)disappeared,54 feet(36.0%)improved,8 feet(5.3%)aggravated after operation.Conclusion Minimal incision osteotomy technique is sound and reliable method to treat hallux valgus.The osteotomy technique is simple,and could provide satisfactory long-term results with lower complication rate.

OBJECTIVEThis study assessed the effects of two-phase treatment with Herbst appliance on the bony structure of the temporomandibular joint via cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis.

METHODSThis study selected 15 patients exhibiting early permanent dentition and classⅡmalocclusion combined with mandibular retrusion treated by a two phase treatment (Herbst and fixed appliance). The CBCT scans of the patients were obtained at the following stages: 2 weeks before Herbst treatment (T1), at the start of treatment when the Herbst appliance was set in place (T2), immediately after removal of the Herbst appliance (T3), and immediately after removal of the edgewise appliance (T4). Three-dimensional reconstruction and related measurements were performed using InvivoDental software, and the acquired data were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS1) CBCT showed a crescent-shaped hyperplasia at the posterior-superior border of the condyles that the outer edge was highly dense and the inner region was lowly dense in T3 in 14 patients (28 condyles). 2) In T3-T2 and T4-T1, the diameters of the anteroposterior condyles increased by 0.62 and 0.66 mm, respectively (P<0.01), and the condylar head height correspondingly increased by 0.54 and 0.53 mm (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSCondylar growth remodeling occurs during Herbst treatment.
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Bone and Bones ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Humans ; Orthodontic Appliances, Functional ; Retrognathia ; Temporomandibular Joint

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) pneumonia is a refractory,even lethal complication in immunosuppressive individuals and immune disturbances may promote the pathological process.We aimed to investigate the regulatory T (Treg) cell activity in an immunosuppressive mice model of PA pneumonia by estimating levels of main transcription factor and the main effector of Treg cells,i.e.,Forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) and interleukine-10 (IL-10).Seventy-two BALB/c mice were divided into four groups randomly:control (A),PA pneumonia (B),immunosuppression (C) and immunosuppression with PA pneumonia (D).Mice were sacrificed at 4,8 and 24 h after establishing experimental models.The pathological changes of lung tissue were graded,and the FOXP3 mRNA and serum IL-10 levels were detected.Histological analysis of lung tissues showed there were no significantly pathological changes in groups A and C,but significantly pathological changes were found in groups B and D,especially in group D at 8 h (P＜0.05).The expression levels of FOXP3 mRNA in groups A and C showed no significant changes at the three time points,which were significantly lower than those in groups B and D (P＜0.05).FOXP3 mRNA levels were lowest at 4 h,and there was significant difference between groups B and D (P＜0.05).The serum levels of IL-10 in groups A and C were almost normal at the three time points,but decreased significantly in groups B and D (P＜0.05).The serum levels ofIL-10 decreased to the lowest at 8 h,especially in group D (P＜0.05).The results indicate that PA pneumonia in immunosuppressive individuals worsens rapidly,which may be associated with Treg cells function disturbance.And Treg cells may be promising as adjuvant therapeutics for PA pneumonia in immunosuppressive individuals.